个性化营养中的食品安全：关注食品补充剂和功能性食品

A focus on food supplementsand functional foodsFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome, 2025Prepared byMaura Di Martino Required citation:Di Martino, M. 2025.Food safety in personalized nutrition – A focus on food supplements and functional foods. Rome,FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cd4280enThe designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of anyopinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legalor development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented,does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that arenot mentioned.The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views orpolicies of FAO.ISBN 978-92-5-139611-7© FAO, 2025Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution- 4.0 International licence(CCBY 4.0:https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode.en).Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted, provided that the work is appropriatelycited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products orservices. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If a translation or adaptation of this work is created, it must includethe following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation [or adaptation] was not created by the Food andAgriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation[or adaptation]. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.”Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitration in accordance with theArbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound byany arbitration award rendered as a result of such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute.Third-party materials.This Creative Commons licence CC BY 4.0 does not apply to non-FAO copyright materials included inthis publication. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures orimages, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from thecopyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work restssolely with the user.FAO photographs.FAO photographs that may appear in this work are not subject to the above-mentioned CreativeCommons licence. Queries for the use of any FAO photographs should be submitted to:photo-library@fao.org.Sales, rights and licensing.FFAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/publications)and print copies can be purchased through the distributors listed there. For general enquiries about FAO publicationsplease contact:publications@fao.org. Queries regarding rights and licensing of publications should be submitted to:copyright@fao.org.This publication has been produced with the assistance of the European Union. The contents of this publication are thesole responsibility of FAO and can in no way be taken to reflect the views of the European Union. ivvExecutive summaryvii131.2Search strategy41.3Working terminology41.4Structure of the report42.Development and trends in food supplements and functional foods:5aspects to consider for a comprehensive food safety assessment2.1New technologies to boost bioavailability of bioactive ingredients and extend product shelf-life892.3The multifaceted distribution channels of food supplements and functional foods92.4Safety assessment of bioactive ingredients: when should it be considered?103.Safety issues of food supplements and functional foods123.1Interaction between food and drugs133.2The impact of bioactive ingredients in food supplements and functional foods on pre-existing22medical conditions and lifestyle habits3.3Safety consideration of botanical extracts used in food supplements233.4Contaminants253.5Unexpected allergenic ingredients in food supplements313.6Suggested daily dose and the risk of overdose of certain bioactive ingredients323.7Toxicity of plant-based supplements due to overconsumption or improper use353.8Food supplements and new ingredients394.Regulatory frameworks for food supplements and functional foods404.1Regulatory challenges414.2Regulatory landscapes465.Consumer perception of the safety of food supplements and functional foods705.1Why consumers choose to purchase and consume food supplements and functional foods715.2The blurre