不丹在减少贫困和不平等方面持续取得进展：不丹贫困与公平评估

© 2024International Bank forReconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW,Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.orgStandard Disclaimer:This volume is a product of the staff of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/TheWorld Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper do not necessarilyreflect the views of the Executive Directors of TheWorld Bank or the governments they represent. TheWorld Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on thepart of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance ofsuch boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of The World Bank, all of which arespecifically reserved.Rights and Permissions:The material in this publication is copyrighted. Copying and/or transmitting portions or all of this workwithout permission may be a violation of applicable law. The International Bank forReconstruction andDevelopment/The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission toreproduce portions of the work promptly.For permission to photocopy or reprint any part of this work, please send a request with completeinformation to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA,telephone 978-750-8400, fax 978-750-4470,http://www.copyright.com/.All other queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to the Office ofthe Publisher, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA, fax 202-522-2422, e-mailpubrights@worldbank.org. Abbreviations and AcronymsALMPActive Labor Market ProgramBLSSBhutan Living Standards SurveyCEMCountry Economic MemorandumCPIConsumer Price IndexESCEmployment ServicesCenterFPLFood Poverty LineGDPGross Domestic ProductGICGrowthIncidence CurveGLOFGlacial-Lake Outburst FloodGMDGlobal Monitoring DatabaseGNHGross National HappinessLDCLeast Developed CountryLMICLower-Middle-Income CountryLMISLabor Market Information SystemMoICEMinistry of Industry, Commerce, and EmploymentMPIMultidimensional Poverty IndexNEETNot in Education, Employment, or TrainingNSBNational Statistics BureauOPHIOxford Poverty and HumanDevelopment InitiativePCEPer Capita ExpenditurePEAPoverty and Equity AssessmentPHCBPopulation and Housing Census of BhutanPPPPurchasing Power ParityRAFResource Allocation FrameworkRGoBRoyal Government of BhutanSWIFTSurvey ofWell-Being via Instant and Frequent TrackingTVETTechnical and Vocational Education and TrainingUBPLUpper Bound Poverty LineUMICUpper-Middle-Income CountryWDIWorld Development IndicatorsVice President:Martin RaiserCountry Director:Abdoulaye SeckRegional/GlobalDirector:Mathew A. Verghis / Luis-Felipe Lopez-CalvaPractice Manager:Ximena del CarpioTask Team Leader:Alvin Etang Ndip AcknowledgmentsThis Poverty and Equity Assessment report isan outcome of a fruitfulcollaboration between the WorldBank’s Poverty and Equity Global Practiceand theNational Statistics Bureau (NSB) of Bhutan.Thepreparationof this report was ledby Alvin Etang Ndip (Senior Economist,South AsiaPoverty and EquityGlobal Practice),with support fromPaul Ervin (Consultant, ESAPV).The report was prepared under theoverallguidanceofXimena Del Carpio (Practice Manager,South AsiaPoverty and Equity GlobalPractice)and Mathew Verghis(South Asia Regional Directorofthe ProsperityPractice Groupof theWorld Bank), in close collaboration with Abdoulaye Seck(World Bank Country Director for Bangladeshand Bhutan) andAdama Coulibaly(World Bank Resident Representative for Bhutan).The report draws fromseveralbackground papersthat werepreparedby core team membersas partofthe Poverty and Equity Assessment project. These background papers were authored by:•Giovanni Vecchi, Nicola Amendola,Federico Belotti (University of Rome “Tor Vergata”),GiuliaMancini (University of Sassari), and Alvin Etang Ndip(Senior Economist, ESAPV)–(i)BhutanPovertyAnalysis Report (2022), (ii)Poverty and Inequality Trends in Bhutan 2017-2022(2023), (iii) Povertydynamics in Bhutan, 2017-2022: evidence from synthetic panels(2024);•Minh Cong Nguyen (Senior Economist, EPVGE), Ando Rahasimbelonirina (Consultant, ESAPV), andAlvin Etang Ndip(Senior Economist, ESAPV)–Poverty Mapping in Bhutan Report 2023(2023)(SmallArea Estimation);•Ben James Brunckhorst (Research Analyst, EPVGE),Katja Vinha (Consultant, EEAPV),Minh CongNguyen (Senior Economist, EPVGE), and Alvin Etang Ndip(Senior Economist, ESAPV)-Exposure andvulnerability toclimateshocks in Bhutan(2024);•NobuoYoshida(Lead Economist, EPVGE), Songjun Jiang(Consultant,CGEOP), Cheku Dorji(Consultant, ESAPV), and Alvin Etang Ndip(Senior Economist, ESAPV)-Estimating Poverty in Bhutanusing the SWIFT Methodology(2024);•Tshering Choki (Dir