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诉诸司法和替代性纠纷解决系统：2024年A2J-ADR评估报告（中）

信息技术 2025-05-13 世界银行 Leona

核心观点

本研报分析了赞比亚正义体系的供需两侧，重点关注服务欠发达地区的正义需求和阻碍，以及替代性纠纷解决机制（ADR）在赞比亚的潜力和挑战。

欠发达地区的正义需求

法律素养低下：民众普遍缺乏法律意识，无法有效利用法律系统维护自身权益。
法律服务匮乏：法律咨询和法律援助服务不足，导致民众无法获得必要的法律支持。
文化观念根深蒂固：当地文化观念阻碍民众使用正式法律系统解决问题。
极端贫困：寻求正义的经济成本（如诉讼费、交通费）对大多数民众而言难以承受。
传统机制缺乏监管：传统纠纷解决机制缺乏监管，可能导致不公正和侵犯人权。
法院系统不适应当地环境：正式法院系统使用英语、程序复杂、费用高昂，且缺乏法律援助，无法满足欠发达地区的实际需求。
性别不平等：女性由于经济依赖和父权观念根深蒂固，在寻求正义方面面临更多障碍。
地理障碍：正义基础设施分布不均，农村居民难以获得正式法院系统的服务。

ADR的潜力和挑战

ADR的优势：与传统法院系统相比，ADR机制更加灵活、便捷、经济，能够有效缓解法院系统压力，提高正义获取效率。
现代ADR的阻碍：
- 缺乏国家层面的战略规划和高层政治支持。
- 司法机构难以有效推动ADR发展。
- 缺乏跨区域学习交流。
- ADR数据缺失，影响政策制定。
- 法律界对ADR缺乏认同，培训机会不足。
- 法律框架薄弱，缺乏监管机制。
- 公众对ADR缺乏了解。
传统ADR的阻碍：被排除在国家战略和政策之外，缺乏监管和发展。

建议

针对欠发达地区：
- 优先考虑服务群体，开展法律需求调查。
- 开发有针对性的法律素养提升项目。
- 简化法院程序，使其更适应当地环境。
- 探索地方化正义模式。
- 评估和改进性别主流化政策。
- 探索传统纠纷解决机制的框架。
针对现代ADR：
- 成立司法部主导的、可持续融资的技术工作组，推动ADR发展。
- 将ADR纳入国家和部门规划，并获得高层政治支持。
- 加强数据收集能力，为政策制定提供依据。
- 完善ADR法律框架，加强监管。
- 激励行业对ADR的需求。
- 制定传统纠纷解决机制的国家政策。
针对传统ADR：
- 将传统纠纷解决机制纳入司法部战略规划和政策框架。
- 制定传统纠纷解决机制的国家政策，明确目标、策略和责任主体。
- 建立监管机制，确保传统纠纷解决机制符合宪法和人权标准。

研究结论

赞比亚的正义体系面临诸多挑战，ADR机制具有巨大的发展潜力。通过加强政策支持、完善法律框架、提升服务能力，可以有效推动ADR发展，提高正义获取效率，促进社会公平正义。

by Zambia Judicial Sector Reform Support Project (P180159)ZAMBIAThe World Bank’s Governance & Institutions Umbrella Program is generously supported byAssessment of Access toJustice and Alternative DisputeResolution Systems © 2025 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.orgSome rights reservedThis work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressedin this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or thegovernments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information,or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusionsset forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes and other information shown in thiswork do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of anyterritory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored byothers does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the contentof their works.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved.Rights and PermissionsThe material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages disseminationof its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes aslong as full attribution to this work is given.Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Lobna Ahmed, and Donna Andrews. 2024.Access to Justiceand Alternative Dispute Resolution in Zambia – A 2024 A2J-ADR Assessment Report. Washington, DC: WorldBank.Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org.Cover photo: © Manuela Milani/pixabay.comAll images: © pixabay.com/shutterstock.com. Further permission required for reuse.Cover design: Katarina Zeravica Assessment of Access to Justice and Alternative Dispute Resolution SystemsContentsList of Tables�� 7Acknowledgements�� 8Executive Summary�� 10Area 1: Demand Side of Access to Justice�� 10Area 2: ADR Processes and Systems�� 11Recommednations�� 11Acronyms�� 131. Introduction..........................................................................................152. Access to justice in Zambia..................................................................18Situational Analysis.....................................................................................................................................18Box 1: Access to justice in Zambia – key concerns..................................................................................21Challenges on the Demand Side: Kawambwa District Case Study........................................................223. Alternative Dispute Resolution in Zambia.........................................28Introduction.................................................................................................................................................28Conceptualizing ADR in Pluralistic Zambia...............................................................................................28Situational Analysis.....................................................................................................................................29Box 2: Spotlight on a key ADR Initiative: The Lusaka International Arbitration Centre......................34Key Impediments: Modern ADR................................................................................................................42Key Impediments: Traditional ADR...........................................................................................................454. Recom

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