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2Project lead:Michael Schmela, SolarPower Europe.Project manager:Leah Le Pénuizic, SolarPower Europe.Market intelligence and internal co-authors:Leah Le Pénuizic, Raffaele Rossi & Michael Schmela, SolarPower Europe.External contributors:Mondragon Assembly; Ecoprogetti; M10 Solar Equipment.Please cite as:SolarPower Europe (2025): Solar Production Equipment - ExplainedFor media use and queries:Bethany Meban, SolarPower Europe b.meban@solarpoweurope.orgDesign:Liam Spiteri, SolarPower EuropeCover image:© EcoprogettiDate of publication:March 2025.ISBN:9789464669244Contact:info@solarpowereurope.org.Disclaimer:This report has been prepared by SolarPower Europe. It is being furnished to therecipients for general information only. Nothing in it should be interpreted as anoffer or recommendation of any products, services or financial products. Thisreport does not constitute technical, investment, legal, tax or any other advice.Recipients should consult with their own technical, financial, legal, tax or otheradvisors as needed. This report is based on sources believed to be accurate. How-ever, SolarPower Europe does not warrant the accuracy or completeness of anyinformation contained in this report. SolarPower Europe assumes no obligation toupdate any information contained herein. SolarPower Europe will not be held liablefor any direct or indirect damage incurred by the use of the information providedand will not provide any indemnities. Unless otherwise stated, the copyright andother intellectual property rights of market intelligence data and resources provid-ed are owned by SolarPower Europe.SolarPower EuropeBriefing Paper ContentsTable of ContentsIntroductionBackground1.Polysilicon production equipmentCurrent market statusThe European polysilicon industry2.Ingots and Wafers production equipmentCurrent market status3.Cell production equipment1)Surface Preparation2)Diffusion/doping3)Passivation4)Metallisation5)TestingCurrent market status4.Module production equipmentCurrent market statusCase Study: Mondragon Assembly, solar module production equipmentCase Study: Ecoprogetti, providing turnkey lines for the solar industryCase Study: M10 Solar Equipment, shingle cell technologyReferences 3461315151719232425272829293135363840433Solar Production Equipment – Explained In the solar sector, European companies originally played a key role in developing the productionequipment needed for the mass production of solar wafers, cells, and modules. While the riseof China’s solar manufacturing sector initially provided a significant export market, a highlycompetitive local industry has since emerged. Additionally, today’s massive manufacturingovercapacity across the solar value chain in China has led to a shrinking global market for PVproduction equipment.These developments have posed significant challenges for European production equipmentmanufacturers. This is reflected in the current EU solar manufacturing landscape, which,apart from polysilicon, is far from meeting the NZIA goals of securing 30 GW European solarmanufacturing capacity across the value chain by 2030.Some European companies have exited the solar production equipment sector, while several haveshifted focus to semiconductors and other industries. However, some - supported by Europe’sstrong solar R&D sector - have continued to develop world-class solar production equipment formanufacturers. It is crucial for Europe to maintain its PV production equipment industry, whichremains an essential pillar of the European solar industrial ecosystem and a key component ofthe EU’s solar industrial strategy. The recent surge in demand for local PV manufacturing in the USand particularly in India has opened new opportunities for European solar production equipmentproviders.4 SolarPower Europe’s ‘Solar Production Equipment - Explained’ report shines a light on these keyactors of the solar value chain and provides a summary of processes and technology available inEurope for each solar manufacturing segment.This work is being conducted in line withSolarPower Europe’s International Solar ManufacturingInitiative (ISMI), which aims to support European solar manufacturers in realising additional busi-ness opportunities generated by significant demand from markets around the globe, includinginverter, balance of system and racking systems producers and solar equipment providers.From Siemens reactors, ingot-pullers, passivation and diffusion furnaces, stringers, laminators, andmore, the equipment and machinery required to produce solar panels, from polysilicon crystallisa-tion to final module assembly, is extremely varied. Despite China’s dominance in solar manufactur-ing including solar equipment, hosting more than 90% global manufacturing capacity across mostof the solar module value chain, at least 38 solar production equipment manufacturers are active inEurope, providing machines and processes for solar manufacturing across all production segments.European solar equipment providers