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Data Centers Around the World: A Quick LookBrian Daigle, Office of Industries,brian.daigle@usitc.gov Data centers, spaces dedicated to holding data servers to store and process data, have grown rapidly as datademand has risen exponentially. The United States, home to many of the world’s leading data producing and dataconsuming firms (including Facebook, Amazon, Microsoft, and Google), has historically had far more data centersthan any other market. Using CloudScene1data, this EBOT looks at the global trends for data storage andprocessing, with a closer look at the global and U.S. data center markets. It will also briefly note some of the policyissues that may contribute to increased data center demand. The Exponential Increase in DataIn 2010, U.S. research firm IDC determined that 1.2 zettabytes (1.2 trillion gigabytes) of new data had been created globally, a 50 percent increase from the previous year. That year, it also estimated that the annual amount of dataproduced would grow to 35 zettabytes by 2020, a level that was reached by 2018. In 2020, data creation wasapproximately 59 zettabytes. IDC now notes that by 2025, newly created data will be 175 zettabytes; this wouldequate to a 146-fold increase in the 15-year period between 2010 and 2025.2One industry observer noted thatbetween 2018 and 2020, more data were created than in all of human history before 2018.3In valuation terms,the data processing and storage market4is estimated to grow from $56 billion in 2020 to $90 billion by 2025. Broadening scope, IDC estimates that the global revenue for the data market and business analytics sector (whichincludes the services that support the data market) totaled $189.1 billion last year, rising to $274 billion by 2022.5Banking represents the largest data generator by revenue (13.9 percent), followed by discrete manufacturing(11.3 percent), process manufacturing (8.2 percent), and professional services (8.2 percent). Data Center IndustryThe significant rise of data generation and use across a variety of industries has led to a rise in demand for data servers and data centers. According to CloudScene data6of 110 countries with available information, as of January2021 there were nearly 8,000 data centers globally. Among these countries, six house a majority of data centers:the United States (33 percent of total), the UK (5.7 percent), Germany (5.5 percent), China (5.2 percent), Canada(3.3 percent), and the Netherlands (3.4 percent) (figure 1 below). 77 percent are located in OECD member states,and approximately 64 percent are in NATO countries. In the United States, there are over 2,600 data centers spread across the country. While northern California isknown as the location for many data-intensive firms (Google, Facebook, Uber, Twitter, Yelp, for example), Dallascurrently has the highest number of data centers (149). This is followed by the Bay Area (147), and Los Angeles(139). Interestingly, U.S. data centers are located over a wide variety of jurisdictions, reflecting the wide use ofdata throughout the U.S. economy (and a reflection of cheaper energy prices in some locations): taken together,the top 10 data center locations constitute less 40 percent of all U.S. data centers, and nearly every U.S. state contains at least 1 data center. Data center operators are also diversified in the United States: the top 5 datacenter operators (Lumen Technology, Verizon, Digital Realty, AT&T, and Equinix), constitute about 25.9 percentof total U.S. data centers. Issues that May Impact Data CenterLocations Demand for data centers differs bycountry, reflecting a variety of marketforcesandpolicies.Forsomejurisdictions, higher numbers of datacentersmayreflectdemandfromindustry sectors. The UK, for example,hasthe2ndlargestshareofdatacenters,andisoneoftheworld’slargestfinancialhubs.TheUnitedStatesandChina(1stand4th,respectively)havesubstantialdatademands across a variety of sectors,while Germany (3rd) has a significantmanufacturing and industrial capacitywith large data demands. In other instances, government policies can direct the location of data centers in their jurisdictions with datalocalization measures. These measures, which legally mandate that certain (or all) data of individuals in theirjurisdiction be held within that jurisdiction, can cover narrow classes of information (like health data) or muchwider amounts of information.Russia,China,Turkey, Australia, France, Germany, and other countries have datalocalization requirements, though with wide variation in scope and enforcement. The Russian and Chinese datalocalization laws in particular are extensive and require wide swathes of data be held in domestically locatedservers.7Several of these countries’ data localization measures have been directly cited by non-domestic firms asthe rationale for locating data within the country that otherwise would not have been located there; followingthe introduction of Turkey’s data localization law in 2021, several U.S. fi