难民营难民的收容环境和福利：来自埃塞俄比亚的证据

Policy Research Working Paper 11108 Host Environments and Welfareof In-Camp Refugees Evidence from Ethiopia Takaaki MasakiNitsuh Mengist NegaChristina Wieser Policy Research Working Paper11108 Abstract This paper examines welfare disparities between in-camprefugees and host com- munities in Ethiopia, using datafrom the 2023 Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees inEthiopia. The analysis reveals significant welfare gapsbetween in-camp refugees and hosts even after accountingfor various other baseline socioeconomic char- acteristics:in-camp refugees exhibit 60 percent lower consumptionper capita and poverty rates that are 40 percentage pointshigher compared to host communities. These disparitiesare also associated with limited employment opportunitiesand dependence on humanitarian aid among in-camp ref-ugees. The study examines the relationship between hostcommunity characteristics and refugee welfare, revealing that more favorable socioeconomic environments benefitrefugees, even when labor market outcomes are constrainedby legal and structural barriers. Furthermore, the paperexplores how employment outside camps may be linkedto the welfare of in-camp refugees, as well as the reasonsbehind their pursuit of such opportunities despite restric-tive policies. It finds that refugees working outside campsoften originate from poorer households but report a greatersense of autonomy and control over their lives. These find-ings highlight the importance of economic inclusion as apathway to self-reliance for in-camp refugees and emphasizethe need to remove barriers to formal employment oppor-tunities outside camps to improve their welfare. The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about developmentissues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry thenames of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely thoseof the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank andits affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. Host Environments and Welfare of In-campRefugees: Evidence from Ethiopia∗ Takaaki Masaki†Nitsuh Mengist Nega‡Christina Wieser§ Keywords:Poverty,laboroutcomes,refugees,forceddisplacement,EthiopiaJELClassificationCodes:D6,F22,N37 1Introduction The protracted nature of refugee situations has prompted a paradigm shift in interna-tional assistance, moving from a purely humanitarian response to a more comprehensivedevelopment-oriented approach. This transition recognizes that long-term displacement cre-ates complex socio-economic challenges for refugees.One of the key metrics to measureprogress towards the self-reliance of refugees includes welfare and poverty (GCR 2023).1That said, refugees are often excluded from a national survey that collects data on welfareand poverty and this exclusion has hitherto limited our understanding of the socio-economicstatus of refugees (Denaro and Giuffr´e, 2021). This data landscape, however, has been chang-ing in recent years – albeit gradually – with more countries now willing to collect detailedsocio-economic data on displaced populations (Masaki and Madson, 2023). Using the 2023 Socio-Economic Survey of Refugees in Ethiopia (SESRE), which offersextensive data on both refugees and host communities, this paper presents new evidence onthe stark welfare disparities between in-camp refugees and hosts. One of the unique featuresof this survey is that SESRE has a survey strata for three groups: (i) refugees in camps; (ii)refugees outside camps in Addis Ababa; and (iii) host communities2; all of which require adistinct sampling procedure. The richness of this dataset allows for a detailed comparativeanalysis of welfare and poverty outcomes and other key socio-economic characteristics likelabor outcomes across these groups.SESRE also allows us to delve into the disparities inwelfareamongin-camp refugees.Unlike other refugee surveys conducted elsewhere thatsampled only from few refugee settlements in a given country, SESRE covered 24 refugeecamps in Ethiopia. This provides us with rich spatial variation in understanding the interplaybetween various host environments and the welfare of refugees. Our findings indicate that refugees residing in camps are significantly poorer than hostcommunities, even after controlling for other socio-economic differences and location/campfixed effects. Welfare for in-camp refugees, measured by total consumption per capita, is 60percent lower than that of hosts, while the poverty rate among in-camp refugees is roughly40 percentage points higher. In-camp refugees largely depend on aid as their main source ofincome, and our analysis shows that this aid