芯片、节点和晶片：半导体数据收集的分类

August 2024 This paper was approved and declassified by written procedure by the Digital Policy Committee(DPC)andthe Committee on Industry, Innovation and Entrepreneurship(CIIE)on 26July2024 and prepared forpublication by the OECDSecretariat. Note to Delegations:This document is also available on O.N.E. Members & Partners under the reference code:DSTI/DPC/CIIE(2024)1/FINAL This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. Cover image: ©HAKINMHAN/Shutterstock.com The use of this work, whether digital or print, is governed by the Terms and Conditions to be found at:https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions Foreword The semiconductorvalue chain issusceptible todisruptionsthat pose a considerablerisk for moderneconomies.Better data are essential for policy makers to identify bottlenecks, monitor the balance betweendemand and supplyof specific semiconductor types, and manage disruptions.This paper sets outacommontaxonomy for semiconductor types and production facilities, to facilitate harmonised datacollection and sharing.The taxonomy distinguishes semiconductor products into four broad categories–“logic”,“memory”,“analog”and“others”–and sub-categories based on their prevalence and specificfunctions. Semiconductor production facilities are classified according to the technology used and abilityto produce different types of semiconductors, the installed production capacity, as well as other relevantplant (and firm) characteristics. This taxonomy will be the basis for a semiconductor production databaseand will be revised in the future, keeping up with developments in semiconductor technology. This paper was written by Chiraag Shah, Charles-Édouard Van de Put and Filipe Silva, under the directionof Audrey Plonk, Guy Lalanne and Verena Weber.The authorsgratefully acknowledgefeedback providedby the Semiconductor Informal Exchange Network participants as well as Angela Attrey, Gallia Daor,Gregory LaRocca, David Kanter,Jan-PeterKleinhans,Tobias Proettel, Lea Samek, Sara RomaniegaSancho andAndy Sellarson the draft taxonomy and earlier versions of this document.The authorsalsothankAnaísa Gonçalves and Shai Somekfor theirsupport. Table of contents Foreword3 Executive summary 6 Introduction7 1 Scope for the taxonomy and semiconductor production database 8 A primer on the semiconductor value chain8Goals and policy questions10Principles for a semiconductor production database12 2 Semiconductor manufacturing: Process, technologies and products14Main types of technologies14Types of semiconductors17 SEMI20World Semiconductor Trade Statistics (WSTS)20Compound Semiconductor Applications (CSA) Catapult22IEEE Taxonomy of Emerging Memory Devices22Other taxonomies23 4 Proposed taxonomy for semiconductors25Building the evidence base: a taxonomy for a semiconductor production database25A taxonomy for semiconductor types30 5 Future work 32 References33 Annex A. HS codes relevant to semiconductors36 Endnotes37 FIGURES Figure1. Semiconductor production stages8Figure2. Share of semiconductor and primary value added demand, 201810Figure3. Transistor types: Planar vs FinFETs vs. GAAFETs16Figure4. Memory types of semiconductors19Figure5. Catapult semiconductor taxonomy22Figure6. IEEE’s memory taxonomy23Figure7. OECD’s proposed semiconductor production taxonomy27Figure8. Capability in chips fabs27Figure9. Aggregated and detailed taxonomy for semiconductor types30 TABLES Table1.Summary of WSTS’ categorisation and product definitions21Table2.Semiconductor production database variables and definitions28Table3. Attributes of transistor type and process technologies29 36 TableAA.1. HS codes relevant to semiconductor products Executive summary Semiconductors power modern economies andare integral toa myriad of advanced industrial products.Semiconductors are present in smartphones, computers, cars, home appliances, medical equipment, LEDlights, or lasers, just to name a few. They encompass a diverse range of complex components, fromadvanced logic semiconductors enabling advanced computingand memory semiconductors for datastorage, to basic sensors used in temperature measurement. Semiconductor manufacturing can beextremely complex, for example requiring advanced lithography machines to print on features measuredinnanometres and cleanrooms with strict control over airborne particles. In spite of its critical importance, the semiconductorvalue chain is susceptible to disruptions.Thesemiconductorvalue chain is highly segmented into production stages taking place in differentgeographies, but with each stage often characterised by high geographical concentration. This poses aconsiderablerisk for modern economies. Enhancing the resilience of the semiconductor value chain, requires evidence-based policy making. Betterdata are essential f