共同致力于更好的气候行动：碳定价、政策溢出和全球气候目标

CARBON PRICING, POLICY SPILLOVERS, AND GLOBAL CLIMATE GOALS CONTENTS Executive summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.The state of global climate action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72.The menu of policy tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .153.Carbon pricing metrics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214.Spillover effects of climate policies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .295.Coordination to maximize positive spillovers and limit negativecrossborder impacts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416.Coordination to scale up climate action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this report was coordinated by Eddy Bekkers (WTO), James Roaf (IMF), Assia Elgouacem(OECD), Chantal Line Carpentier (UNCTAD) and Stéphane Hallegatte (The World Bank) under the guidanceof Ruud de Mooij (Deputy Director, Fiscal Affairs Department, IMF), Kurt van Dender (Head of Tax Policy andStatistics Division, Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, OECD), Juergen Voegele (Vice-President forSustainableDevelopment,The World Bank),Pablo Saavedra(Vice-President for the Prosperity Vertical,The World Bank), Bright Okogu (Chief of Staff, Office of the Director General, WTO) and Ralph Ossa (ChiefEconomist, WTO). The Sections were coordinated by Mateo Ferrero (WTO), Marco Fugazza (UNCTAD), MarylaMaliszewska (The World Bank), Daniel Ramos (WTO), and Stéphane Hallegatte (The World Bank). The authors of the report are Alberto Garcia Huitron, James Roaf, Nate Vernon, and Karlygash Zhunussova (IMF),Kurt van Dender, Assia Elgouacem, Grégoire Garsous, Elisa Lanzi, Mauro Pisu, and Enxhi Tresa (OECD), SusanneAakerfeldt, Alexandra Campmas, Sebastien Dessus, Carolyn Fischer, Mona Haddad, Stephane Hallegatte, DirkHeine, Penny Mealy, Maryla Maliszewska, Joseph Pryor, Ammara Shariq, Iryna Sikora (The World Bank), ChantalLineCarpentier,Claudia Contreras,Marco Fugazza(UNCTAD),Marc Bacchetta,Eddy Bekkers,MateoFerrero,Alonso Gonzales Marentis,Ralph Ossa, Daniel Ramos, and Ankai Xu (WTO). Research assistance wasprovided by Julia Collado Serrano, Fulvio Silvy and Yu Wang (WTO). Serge Marin-Pache and Anthony Martin(WTO) managed the production of the report. UNFCCC staff contributed inputs. DISCLAIMER Preparedby the staffs of the International Monetary Fund(IMF),the Organisation for Economic Co-operation andDevelopment (OECD), the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), The World Bank, and theWorld Trade Organization (WTO). For the IMF, the views expressed here are those of the authors and should not be construed as the views of the IMF, itsExecutive Board, member governments, or any other entity mentioned herein. For the OECD, this work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressedand arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. For the OECD, please refer to the OECD’s terms and conditions for specific territorial disclaimers applicable to this jointpublication (https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/). For the United Nations, the findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do notnecessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. For The World Bank, the findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect theviews of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. For the WTO, this work is published under the responsibility of the WTO Secretariat. The views expressed, and the termsand illustrations used in this publication are without prejudice to WTO members’ rights and obligations, nor intended toprovide any authoritative or legal interpretation of the provisions of the WTO Agreements. The names of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the WTO. This document, as well as any data, illustrations and map included herein, are without prejudice to [and do not constitute orimply an expression of opinion on] the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international fro