及早行动或事后付出：定性措施在有效监管框架中的作用

FSI Insightson policy implementationNo 66Act early or pay later: therole of qualitativemeasures in effectivesupervisory frameworks by Monica Balan, Fernando Restoy and Raihan Zamil April 2025 JEL classification: G20, G21, G28 Keywords: supervision, Pillar 2, risk-based supervision,governance, business models, early intervention, earlyaction,supervisoryeffectiveness,enforcement,SREP,supervisoryreview,judgment,qualitativemeasures,supervisory tools, supervisory methodology FSI Insights are written by members of the Financial Stability Institute (FSI) of the Bank for InternationalSettlements (BIS), often in collaboration with staff from supervisory agencies and central banks. The papersaim to contribute to international discussions on a range of contemporary regulatory and supervisorypolicy issues and implementation challenges faced by financial sector authorities. The views expressed inthem are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the BIS or the Basel-basedcommittees. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). To contact the BIS Global Media and PublicRelationsteam,pleaseemailmedia@bis.org.Youcansignupforemailalertsatwww.bis.org/emailalerts.htm. ©Bank for International Settlements 2025. All rights reserved. Brief excerpts may be reproduced ortranslated provided the source is stated. Contents Executive summary ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1Section 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 3Section 2 – Supervisory challenges in taking early actions .............................................................................................. 4Section 3 – Overview of the supervisory process ................................................................................................................. 7Supervisory process ................................................................................................................................................................ 7Section 4 – Supervisory planning and risk assessment....................................................................................................11Supervisory planning and risk scoping..........................................................................................................................11Supervisory risk assessment ..............................................................................................................................................12Section 5 – Supervisory actions.................................................................................................................................................18Supervisory instruments......................................................................................................................................................19Composite ratings and qualitative measures..............................................................................................................25Governance and business model ratings and qualitative measures .................................................................26Section 6 – Communication of supervisory findings and monitoring and escalation.........................................28Communication of supervisory findings .......................................................................................................................28Disclosure of supervisory ratings.....................................................................................................................................30Section 7 – Initiatives to strengthen supervisory effectiveness ....................................................................................32Risk scoping .............................................................................................................................................................................33Supervisory actions and qualitative measures ...........................................................................................................35Supervisory communication ..............................................................................................................................................36Monitoring and escalation .................................................................................................................................................36Supervisory judgment ..........................................................................................................................................................37Section 8 – Conclusions .............................................................................................................................................