让男性参与并改变男性气质以实现性别平等和妇女赋权：对南亚举措的评估

A STOCKTAKING OF INITIATIVES IN SOUTH ASIA DECEMBER 2024 ENGAGING MEN ANDTRANSFORMING MASCULINITIESTO ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITYAND WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT A STOCKTAKING OF INITIATIVES IN SOUTH ASIA DECEMBER 2024 Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2024 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2024. ISBN 978-92-9277-091-4 (print); 978-92-9277-092-1 (PDF); 978-92-9277-093-8 (ebook)Publication Stock No. TCS240590-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/TCS240590-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. Note:ADB recognizes “Ceylon” as Sri Lanka and “Vietnam” as Viet Nam. FIGURES AND BOXESACKNOWLEDGMENTSABBREVIATIONSEXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi Study Background and Objectives1Study Rationale: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Situation and Initiatives2 The Notion of Masculinity5The Goal of Gender Transformation7The Approach to Gender Transformation7Values That Inform a Gender-Transformative Approach8Levels of Impact of a Gender-Transformative Approach9 IIIGENERAL FINDINGS ON MEN, MASCULINITIES, AND GENDER EQUALITY10IN SOUTH ASIA IVSECTORAL FINDINGS12 Agriculture12Education19Energy25Finance31Health37Transport44Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene50 VRECOMMENDATIONS AND ENTRY POINTS60 Research and Evidence-Building62Laws and Policies63Programmatic Approaches64 GLOSSARY APPENDIXES 1Methodology692List of Key Informant Interviews72 FIGURES 1Conceptual Framework6 2Gender Integration Spectrum73Socioecological Framework9 BOXES 1The Work of Tarayana Foundation in Bhutan162Challenges in Addressing Gender-Based Violence Within Sri Lanka’s Education System203Maldives Gender Equality Action Plan (2022–2026)224Good Practice Examples of Working with Boys and Men in Bangladesh and India235Equimundo’s “Journeys of Transformation”356Initiatives of Civil Society Organizations in the Transport Sector47 The Asian Development Bank (ADB) would like to thank the International Center for Research onWomen (especially Sapna Kedia, Nalini V. Khurana, Ravi K. Verma, Pranita Achyut, and Sakshi Garg);Equimundo (particularly Taveeshi Gupta, Gary Barker, and Brian Heilman); and MenEngage Alliance(particularly Samitha Sugathimala and Laxman Belbase) for collaboratively undertaking this study.Their partnership was crucial for exploring initiatives to engage men to transform masculinities and advancegender equality and women’s empowerment across ADB’s developing member countries in South Asia. ADB also thanks the national consultants who collected and provided the data upon which this study wasbased: Tania Haque in Bangladesh, Mani Ram Moktan in Bhutan, Madhumita Das and Peehu Pardeshiin India, Pinky Singh Rana in Nepal, Mariyam Mohamed in Maldives, and Kamani Jinadasa in Sri Lanka.ADB also acknowledges the contributions of Jaya Luintel, Indika Dayaratne, Abu Naser, and AnamikaPradhan in providing research and documentation support for country-level studies. The execution of this study was supervised by ADB’s Francesco Tornieri, principal social developmentspecialist (Social Inclusion) of the Human and Social Development Sector Office, Sectors Group, andSudarshana