Study on Strategies to Promote Sustainable and Safe Mobility in APEC Economies

APEC Transportation Working Group February 2025 Study on Strategies to PromoteSustainable and Safe Mobility inAPEC Economies APEC Transportation Working Group February 2025 APEC Project:TPTWG2012023 Produced byGustavo Guerra-Garcia PicassoIndependent consultantgustavo.guerragarcia@deeconsultores.pe Ofelia Doris Soriano RamosDirector of the Directorate of Road Transport Policies and NormsMinistry of Transport and Communicationsosoriano@mtc.gob.pe Eliana Herrera CalderonConsultant at Directorate of Road Transport Policies and NormsMinistry of Transport and CommunicationsEherrera-prov@mtc.gob.pe ForAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Secretariat35 Heng Mui Keng TerraceSingapore 119616Tel: (65) 68919 600Fax: (65) 68919 690Email:info@apec.orgWebsite:www.apec.org ©2025APEC Secretariat APEC#225-TR-01.1 Contents 1.Background122.Justification123.Objectives of the Consulting Services133.1.General Objective......................................................................................................................133.2.Specific Objectives....................................................................................................................134.Methodology135.Conceptual Operational Framework165.1.Evolution of Urban Transport and Urban Mobility Concepts....................................165.2.Integration Concepts in Transport and Urban Mobility...............................................205.3.Approaches for Energy Efficiency Policies.....................................................................265.4.Conceptual Approaches to the Positive Environmental Benefits ofElectromobility.............................................................................................................................295.5.Economic-Financial Approaches to Guide Subsidy Policies in UrbanPassenger Transport in Favor ofElectromobility.........................................................316.Context Analysis: Trends in Benefits in the Processes ofMigration TowardsElectromobility356.1.Benefits of GHG Emission Reductions by Scenarios.................................................366.2.Benefits from Public Health Improvements.....................................................................396.3.Benefits from the Reduction in Oil Demand...................................................................406.4.Benefits from the Reduction of Investment, Operation, and Maintenance Costsof EV...............................................................................................................................................406.5.Benefits from Safety Improvements...................................................................................427.Trends in the Expansion of Electromobility in the International Context447.1.Global Growth in EV Adoption.............................................................................................447.2.APEC Growth in EV Adoption in APEC Economies....................................................477.2.1.Selection Criteria for the Fifteen APEC Economies...........................................477.2.2.Australia................................................................................................................................487.2.3.Canada.................................................................................................................................507.2.4.Chile.......................................................................................................................................527.2.5.China.....................................................................................................................................557.2.6.Indonesia..............................................................................................................................587.2.7.Japan.....................................................................................................................................597.2.8.Korea.....................................................................................................................................617.2.9.Malaysia...............................................................................................................................623.2.1.Mexico...................................................................................................................................637.2.10.New Zealand......................................................................................................................677.2.11.Peru........................................................................................................................................697.2.12.Russia...................................................................................................................................727.2.13.Singapore.............................................................................................................................737.2.14.