Scaling Technological Greenhouse Gas Removal: A Global Roadmap to 2050

Authors This roadmap was developed through acollaboration between the Bezos Earth Fundand RMI. Following the announcement of theBezos Earth Fund initiative on greenhouse gasremoval and intent to accelerate technologicalremovals towards scale via a global roadmapto guide future funding, the Bezos Earth Fundand RMI teams joined forces to design andpublish the roadmap based on expert inputsfrom the February 2024 workshop hosted bythe Earth Fund, U.S. Department of Energy,and Stanford University. In developing theroadmap, RMI initiated creation of the contentand served as primary author, with the BezosEarth Fund providing vision, shaping ofcontent and analysis, and substantial editorialcontributions, culminating in this joint effort. RMI Rudy Kahsar,PrincipalDaniel Pike,PrincipalAnnina Sartor,Senior AssociateGloria See,Senior AssociateIsabel Wood,Associate Bezos Earth Fund Noël Bakhtian,Director of Technology Acceleration(GHG Removal Initiative Lead) Kelly Levin, Chief of Science, Data and Systems Change(GHG Removal Initiative Co-Lead) Reviewers Adina Abeles,Chan Zuckerberg InitiativeBrad Ack, Ocean VisionsRamon Alatorre,4 Corners Carbon CoalitionJack Andreasen,Breakthrough EnergyEmily Averna,Bezos Earth FundNikki Batchelor,XPRIZEPaul Bodnar,Bezos Earth FundTim Bushman,Carbon Removal CanadaCharithea Charalambous,RMIKyle Clark-Sutton,RMIGabrielle Dreyfus,Institute for Governance & Sustainable DevelopmentSimon Freeman,Department of Energy — ARPA-EJulio Friedmann, Carbon Direct Inc.Susana Garcia, Heriot-Watt UniversityMaddie Hall,Living CarbonDave Hillyard,Carbon Technology Research FoundationJason Hochman,Direct Air Capture CoalitionNicole Iseppi,Bezos Earth FundAndy Jarvis,Bezos Earth FundMarc von Keitz,Grantham FoundationAnu Khan,Carbon180Matt Kirley,RMIKelley Kizzier,Bezos Earth FundCharlotte Levy,Carbon180Jack Lewnard,Department of Energy — ARPA-ECara Maesano,RMIArun Majumdar,Stanford UniversityCecilia Martinez,Bezos Earth FundJan Mazurek, ClimateWorks FoundationBerta Moya,CarbonfutureSara Nawaz,American University — Institute for Responsible Carbon RemovalMeghana Palepu,Bezos Earth FundAaran Patel, The Nand & Jeet Khemka FoundationLara Pierpoint, Prime Coalition — Trellis ClimateErika Reinhardt,Spark Climate SolutionsMitchell Rubin, Elemental ExceleratorMaki Tazawa,Grantham FoundationMatt Villante,Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryAnya Waite, Ocean Frontier Institute / Dalhousie UniversityFrances Wang, Quadrature Climate FoundationEli Weaver,RMILori Ziolkowski,National Science Foundation Acknowledgments This roadmap report would not have been possible without the care and hard work of many additional contributors.We express our gratitude to the Bezos Earth Fund team and associated partners contributing to the overall greenhousegas removal initiative — Andrew Steer, Darcie Martinson, Anna Hedlund, Marianne Fives, Doug Varley, Erin Jones, ClairePfitzinger, Catherine Zuckerman, Stacie Cobos, Rocío Lower, Shar Anthony, Brian Cimagala, Dan Schoenfeld, Dave Burton,MV Banks, and Camilo Ramirez — as well as RMI staff, including Caitlin Beas and Gracia O’Neill. We would like to express ourappreciation for early roadmap brainstorming with Benjamin Reinhardt and the 2023 Technical Roadmapping Workshophosted by Speculative Technologies, Eirini Malliarki at Deep Science Ventures, and Paul Reginato at Homeworld Collective.Similarly, we are grateful for the contributions of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy and CarbonManagement and the Stanford Doerr School for their support of the February workshop on which this report is based.Finally, we also thank M. Harris & Co. for their design of the report, including copy editors Julia Kurtz and Cindie Baker. Contacts GHGRemovalinitiative@bezosearthfund.orgGHGR@rmi.org Citation, licenses, and trademarks Bezos Earth Fund and RMI (2024).Scaling Technological Greenhouse Gas Removal: A Global Roadmap to 2050.https://www.bezosearthfund.org/uploads/scaling-technological-ghg-removal-roadmap-2050.pdf Bezos Earth Fund and RMI value collaboration and sharing of knowledge as a means of accelerating our path to scale.Therefore, interested parties may reference, share, and build on this roadmap through the Creative Commons CC BY-SA4.0 license.https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 Bezos Earth Fund®, Rocky Mountain Institute®, and RMI® are registered trademarks of their respective owners. All images used are from iStock.com unless otherwise noted. Contents 6.1Science and Technology (S&T). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326.2Socio-Behavioral and Communities (SB&C).........................................346.3Finance and Markets (F&M). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386.4Policy and Regulation (P&R). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41 7.1Initiatives for Air CD