Global report on infection prevention and control 2024

Global reporton infection preventionand control2024 Global report on infection prevention and control 2024 ISBN 978-92-4-010398-6 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-010399-3 (print version) © World Health Organization 2024 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGOlicence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, providedthe work is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHOendorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work,then you must license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation ofthis work, you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation:“This translation was not created bythe World Health Organization (WHO). WHO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The originalEnglish edition shall be the binding and authentic edition”. Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules ofthe World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Global report on infection prevention and control 2024. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.Licence: CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data.CIP data are available at https://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing.To purchase WHO publications, see https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. Tosubmit requests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see https://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials.If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables,figures or images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtainpermission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-ownedcomponent in the work rests solely with the user. General disclaimers.The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not implythe expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city orarea or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on mapsrepresent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed orrecommended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted,the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, thepublished material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility forthe interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from itsuse. Contents vi ForewordAcknowledgementsviiAbbreviations and acronymsviiiGlossaryxi Executive summary 1. Purpose, target audience and methods 2. The problem of unsafe care resulting from health care-associated infectionsand antimicrobial resistance xvii 3. Situation analysis of the implementation of infection prevention and controlaround the world xix 3.1 Infection prevention and control implementation at national level3.2 Infection prevention and control implementation at health care facility level3.3 Infection prevention and control implementation at the regional level xixxxixxiv 4. The way forwardReferences 1. Introduction, methods and target audience1 1.1 What is infection prevention and control?21.2 Purpose and target audience of this report51.3 Data sources and methodologies6 2. The problem of unsafe care resulting from health care-associatedinfections and antimicrobial resistance 2.1 Key messages102.2 How frequent are infections acquired in health care?112.2.1 Antimicrobial resistance in health care152.2.2 Meticillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus162.2.3 Resistance to third-generation cephalosporins162.2.4 Resistance to carbapenems172.2.5 Resistance inCandidaspp182.2.6 Health care-associated infections and antimicrobial resistance duringthe COVID-19 pandemic182.2.7 SARS-CoV-2 spread in health care settings18 2.3 What are the consequences of health care-associated infectionsand antimicrobial resistance for patients and health workers?20 3. Infection prevention and control implementation at the national level 3.1 Key messages 3.2 National infection prevention and control p