AI智能总结
王浩然1,冯天天1,2,3,✉,崔茗莉1,钟诚1 (1.中国地质大学(北京)经济管理学院,北京100083;2.自然资源部资源环境承载力评价重点实验室,北京100083;3.国土资源部国土资源战略研究重点实验室,北京100083) 摘要:[目的]实现“双碳”目标需要充分挖掘企业节能减排的路径和发挥绿色低碳政策工具的作用。绿氢作为清洁能源以其全链路零碳排放的优势成为社会低碳转型的关键,而碳排放权交易市场是利用市场化机制控制和减少碳排放的重要政策工具。建设碳交易中心氢能产业板块交易机制,实现碳交易与氢能的耦合对落实“双碳”目标具有极大的推动作用。[方法]基于此,文章将构建“绿氢市场-全国碳交易市场-电力市场”耦合机制。进一步利用系统动力学方法对“绿氢市场-全国碳交易市场-电力市场”进行建模仿真,研究多个市场的交互关系。[结果]研究发现:首先,绿氢市场、碳交易市场与电力市场之间可以通过绿氢认证和碳配额交易实现3个市场的耦合,通过模拟仿真发现耦合模型具有可行性。其次,通过基础情景模拟仿真发现多重市场耦合可以促进刺激碳价的升高,且可以控制火力发电量和绿氢生产量的上升。最后,提升绿氢认证比例、落后机组淘汰机制和碳配额拍卖机制有助于碳定价机制的形成,促进绿氢项目规模的扩大和控制火力发电量。[结论]本研究既丰富绿氢交易模型,促进绿氢通过参与碳交易获取部分收益,减缓氢能成本压力,又通过多市场联动,发挥碳价的倒逼作用,促进传统化石制氢和火力发电比例的降低。 关键词:市场耦合协同;绿氢;全国碳排放权交易政策;电力市场;能源结构调整 中图分类号:TK91;F426文献标志码:A 文章编号:2095-8676(2023)03-0032-15开放科学(资源服务)二维码: Analysis of Coupling Effect Between Green Hydrogen Trading Market andElectricity Market Under Carbon Trading Policy✉ WANG Haoran1,FENG Tiantian1,2,3,,CUI Mingli1,ZHONG Cheng1(1. School of Economics and Management, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China;2. Key Laboratory of CarryingCapacity Assessment for Resource and Environment, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100083, China;3. Key Laboratory of Strategic Studies, Ministry of Land and Resources, Beijing 100083, China) Abstract:[Introduction] To achieve the "carbon peak and neutrality" goals, the ways for enterprise energy conservation and emissionreduction need to fully explored, and the green and low-carbon policy tools should be fully exploited. Green hydrogen, as a clean energy,has become the key to social low-carbon transition thanks to its full link zero carbon emission. Carbon emission rights trading market is akey policy tool to control and reduce carbon emissions by making use of the market-oriented mechanism. Building a carbon tradingcenter hydrogen energy industry trading mechanism to achieve the coupling of carbon trading and hydrogen energy will greatly promotethe achieving of the "carbon peak and neutrality" goals. [Method] Based on this, a coupling mechanism of "green hydrogen market -national carbon trading market - electricity market" was built in this paper. The "green hydrogen market - national carbon trading market -electricity market" was modeled and simulated by further utilizing the system dynamics method, and the interaction of multiple markets was studied. [Result] The results show that: Firstly, the coupling among the green hydrogen market, carbon trading market and electricitymarket can be realized through green hydrogen certification and carbon quota trading, and it is found that the coupling model is feasiblethrough simulation. Secondly, it is found through the simulation of the basic scenario that the coupling of multiple markets can stimulatethe increase of carbon price and control the increase of thermal power generation and green hydrogen production. Finally, increasing theproportion of green hydrogen certification and improving the obsolete unit elimination mechanism and carbon quota auction mechanismwill help form a carbon pricing mechanism. [Conclusion] On the one hand, this study diversifies the green hydrogen trading models,promotes the participation of green hydrogen in carbon trading to obtain certain benefits, and reduces the hydrogen energy cost. On theother hand, it makes use of the multi-market linkage mechanism to bring into play the forced effect of carbon price and promote thereduction of the proportion of traditional fossil hydrogen production and thermal power generation. Key words:market coupling and synergy;green hydrogen;national carbon emission rights trading policy;electricity market;energystructure adjustment 2095-8676© 2023 Energy China GEDI. Publishing services by Energy Observer Magazine Co., Ltd. on behalf of Energy China GEDI.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC license (https: //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/). 0引言 化发展的前提下,降低成本成为亟须解决的问题。 为降低碳排放总量,我国实施在试点经验的基础上开展了全国碳交易机制。该政策是我国实现“双碳”目标的核心政策工具之一。2021年7月,全国碳排放权交易市场正式上线运行,标志着我国已经初步建立了碳交易市场[6]。碳交易政策体现了谁污染谁付费的原则,将外部成本内部化,是利用市场化机制降低碳排放,也是实现“双碳”目标的重要政策工具。碳交易市场分为两级。在一级市场上,政府根据整体减排目标对交易主体分配初始碳排放权。在二级市场上,纳入交易体系的企业可以自由交易碳配额。同时,控排企业也可以购买自愿减排企业的 国 家 核 证 自 愿 减 排 量 (China Certified EmissionReduction,CCER),利用碳抵消机制对碳配额交易进行补充。目前,中国的碳交易市场处于运行初期,存在着交易产品较为单一和市场规模较小的问题。随着碳市场的扩容,市场对于CCER的需求将进一步升级。 全人类为了共同保护地球生态环境和减缓温室气体排放,已有140多个经济体提出了“碳中和”承诺,并实施了一系列节能降耗的政策[1]。中国作为发展中国家期望能够在全球问题上作出相应的贡献,因此习总书记在国际上做出来了振奋全球的“2030年前碳排放达峰,完成《巴黎协定》目标;争取2060年前碳中和”的承诺。为实现“双碳”目标,中国将构建清洁低碳安全高效的能源体系[2]。国家发展改革委和国家能源局共同发布《氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021-2035年)》,从战略层面对我国氢能发展进行了顶层设计,以促进我国氢能产业的发展[3]。 氢能具有资源丰富、热值高、无污染的特点,被认为是理想的清洁能源,对氢能的开发和利用是实现低碳减排目标的重要路径。绿氢以其可持续性而被认为具有良好的发展前景。绿色制氢以可再生能源为原料制取氢能,具备全过程环保、低排放、转化灵活等特点,是可再生电力的替代和补充[4]。另外,近年来,风电和太阳能光伏发电等可再生电力增长迅猛。可再生能源发电具有极强的波动性,存在因电网短时无法消纳全部电力而导致的弃电现象,这部分弃电电量将会随着可再生能源发电装机量的快速提升而增长。即便考虑储能设备的削峰填谷作用,弃风弃光电量仍旧十分可观[5]。因此,绿氢是未来氢能市场的发展方向,也是中国实现“双碳”目标的关键路径。绿氢应用在技术上具有可行性,但是在氢能大规模利用的经济性上存在限制。其中,电解水制氢成本较高是最大的制约。如何在保障绿氢规模 基于我国政策制度的不断出台,全国碳交易市场的政策效应逐步显现,且一级市场和二级市场交易频率将提升,碳价的引导作用逐步显现。这将为不同的氢气生产工艺核定真实生产成本、收益