不可持续的生活：高温对孟加拉国健康和经济的影响2024

The Impact of Heat on Health andthe Economy of Bangladesh Iffat Mahmud, Wameq Azfar Raza,and Syed Shabab Wahid I N T E R N AT I O N A L D E V E L O P M E N T I N F O C U S An Unsustainable Life The Impac t of Heat on Health and theEconomy of Bangladesh IFFAT MAHMUD, WAMEQ AZFAR RAZA, AND SYED SHABAB WAHID © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved1 2 3 427 26 25 24 Books in this series are published to communicate the results of World Bank research, analysis, andoperational experience with the least possible delay. The extent of language editing varies from bookto book. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of TheWorld Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank doesnot guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does notassume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability withrespect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in this work do notimply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not meanThe World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo. Under the Creative Commons Attribution license,you are free to copy, distribute, transmit, and adapt this work, including for commercial purposes,under the following conditions: Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: Mahmud, Iffat, Wameq Azfar Raza, and Syed ShababWahid. 2024.An Unsustainable Life: The Impact of Heat on Health and the Economy of Bangladesh.International Development in Focus. Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-2172-1.License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO Translations—If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along withthe attribution:This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered anofficial World Bank translation. The World Bank shall not be liable for any content or error in thistranslation. Adaptations—If you create an adaptation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along withthe attribution: This is an adaptation of an original work by The World Bank. Views and opinionsexpressed in the adaptation are the sole responsibility of the author or authors of the adaptationand are not endorsed by The World Bank. Third-party content—The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the contentcontained within the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights ofthose third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If youwish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permissionis needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples ofcomponents can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank,1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. ISBN: 978-1-4648-2172-1DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-2172-1 Cover photo: © Surasak Suwanmake / Getty Images. Used with permission; further permission requiredfor reuse.Cover design: Debra Naylor / Naylor Design Inc. Contents AcknowledgmentsviiAbout the AuthorsixMain MessagesxiExecutive SummaryxvAbbreviationsxxv PART 1BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT CHAPTER 1Background and Introduction3Global and local context: Heat and health3Impact of heat on human health and productivity: Economicimplications5Objectives and purposes of the report8Approval and quality assurance processes8Notes9References9 CHAPTER2 Frequency of Extreme Heat in Bangladesh: 1976–202311Introduction11The heat index: Definition and relevance11Heat and temperature patterns for Bangladesh(nationalaverages)12Heat and temperature patterns for Dhaka17Notes21References21 PART 2DATA AND FINDINGS FROM THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY CHAPTER3 Data and Methods25Introduction25Household panel