海上风电开发计划：罗马尼亚海上风电路线图2024

OFFSHORE WIND ROADMAP FOR ROMANIA This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. Its content is thesole responsibility of the author(s). The views expressed herein can in no way be taken to reflect theofficial opinion of the European Union. This project was carried out with funding by the European Union via the Structural Reform SupportProgramme managed by the European Commission's Directorate General for Structural ReformSupport (DG REFORM) and implemented by the World Bank with the support and the partnershipof DG REFORM. © 2024 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of TheWorld Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data includedin this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in theinformation, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes,or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on anymap in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal statusof any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of theprivileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non commercial purposes as longas full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. CONTENTS AcknowledgementsXI Executive summaryXIII Key messagesXIIIRenewable energy in EuropeXIIIRenewable energy in RomaniaXIVThe opportunity and potential impact of offshore wind in RomaniaXVAbout this reportXVIIIRoadmap for offshore wind in RomaniaXIX 1. Introduction1 2.1Volumes and timing22.2Potential offshore wind energy areas5The potential role of floating offshore wind6 3. Low growth scenario8 3.1Development areas83.2Electricity mix83.3Levelized cost of energy83.4Supply chain and economic impact93.5Transmission and port infrastructure103.6Environment and social impacts103.7Finance and procurement113.8Actions to deliver the low growth scenario123.9SWOT analysis for Romania in the low growth scenario12 4. High growth scenario13 4.1Development areas134.2Electricity mix134.3Levelized cost of energy134.4Supply chain and economic impact144.5Transmission and port infrastructure164.6Environment and social impacts164.7Finance and procurement164.8Actions to deliver the high growth scenario164.9SWOT analysis for Romania in the high growth scenario16 5. Roadmap for offshore wind in Romania: recommendations18 5.1Rationale for key roadmap recommendations195.2Vision and volume targets205.3Partnerships205.4Marine spatial planning, exploration licenses, leasing and offtake frameworks215.5Permitting235.6Finance235.7Grid connection and transmission network235.8Port infrastructure245.9Supply chain development245.10Hydrogen255.11Health and safety and other standards and regulations255.12Skills and gender equality265.13Roadmap summaries27 Supporting information30 6. Spatial planning31 6.1Purpose316.2Method316.3Recommendations39 7.1Purpose407.2Method407.3Results417.4Background: details of methodology46 8. Supply chain analysis55 8.1Purpose558.2Method558.3Results578.4Discussion708.5Recommendations70 9. Jobs and economic benefit71 9.1Purpose719.2Method719.3Results729.4Background: Detail of method80 10. Gender aspects82 10.1Purpose8210.2Method82 10.3Results8210.4Discussion8410.5Recommendations85 11.1Purpose8611.2Method8611.3Results8811.4Discussion9311.5Recommendations93 12. Health and safety94 12.1Purpose9412.2Method9412.3Results9412.4Discussion9612.5Recommendations96 13. Leasing and revenue frameworks97 13.1Purpose9713.2Method9713.3Results9813.4Recommendations102 14. Permitting103 14.1Purpose10314.2Method10314.3Results10314.4Discussion10714.5Recommendations108 15. Transmission infrastructure109 15.1Purpose10915.2Method10915.3Overview of generation10915.4Overview of the current transmission network and future plans11015.5Considerations with increased deployment of variable renewable energy11215.6Offshore export system11315.7Grid connection11415.8Integration of offshore wind in