花得更好，花得更多：如何让教育支出对巴基斯坦儿童有意义

How to MakeEducation ExpendituresCount for Childrenin Pakistan Juan D. Barón, Mary Bend,Fahad Mirza, Nimra Afzal,Hirut Wolde, Nadeem Hussain ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This report was the product of a concerted effort by aWorld Bank Education Global Practice task team under theData and Research in Education (DARE) trust fund, facilitated bythe Foreign, Commonwealth, and Development Office (FCDO). Led by Senior Economist Juan D. Barón, the teamcomprised Mary (May) Bend, Fahad Mirza, NimraAfzal, Hirut Wolde, and Nadeem Hussain, whocontributed substantial technical inputs, data analysis,recommendations, and content development for thereport. Elizabeth Salud and Insiya Syed provided designand photography, respectively. Special thanks to MariaQazi who supported the poverty analysis in the report. phone survey, and the views and opinions of nearly2,000 households across Pakistan about the state ofPakistan’s education system. We are also appreciative of the support, facilitation,technical and policy knowledge, and continuoussupport of our World Bank colleagues, including TobyLinden, Izza Farrakh, Maliha Hyder, Inga Afanasieva,Elena Roseo, Puteri Watson, Irfan Muzzafar, SaqibFarooq, Mariem Rahim, Nimra Tariq, Jessica Lee,Ariana Maria Del Mar Grossi, and Daniela MonsalveFarias, among many others. We thank colleaguesUzma Quresh and Mishka Zaman for connecting uswith civil society organizations during consultations.We thank the entire Pakistan Education team, previousand present, as well as other colleagues, includingGul Najam Jamy, Amjad Zafar Khan, and Koen Geven,who were always available to answer a plethora ofquestions. Valuable inputs and comments to thereport were provided by analysts and experts, suchas Nadia Naviwala, Umar Nadeem, Mosharraf Zaidi,Munazza Gillani, Baela Raza Jamil, Salman Naveed, ZiaAkhter Abbas, and many others. We apologize if weare missing any colleagues but we reassure you thatyour contributions enriched the report. To all of you,thank you. This report has benefited from innumerablediscussions over four years of policy dialogue withprovincial and federal governments, local andinternational development partners, private sector, civilsociety organizations, and other stakeholders committedto improve education for all children in Pakistan. For enriching our consultations, we express ourgratitude to the Additional Secretary and theCoordination & Implementation Lead at the Ministryof Federal Education & Professional Training (MOFEPT),Secretaries from Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwaand Balochistan Education Departments and staff fromall provincial Planning and Development Departments,research firms, civil society organizations, andinternational development partners including FCDO,UNICEF, UNHCR, USAID, and JICA, among others.Representatives from Idara-e-Taleem-o-Aagahi (ITA),Institute of Social & Policy Sciences (I-SAPS), Tabadlab,Cambridge Partnership for Education (CPE), and PakAlliance for Maths & Science (PAMS); civil societyorganizations like Malala Fund, Pakistan Coalition forEducation (PCE), Global Sightsavers, and Special TalentExchange Program (STEP) all provided valuable inputduring consultations. We extend our heartfelt gratitudeto all those who contributed to the report in differentcapacities. The report was enriched by technical inputsfrom Freya Perry and Saima Anwer, both EducationAdvisors at the FCDO. Finally, this report would not have been possiblewithout the direct and unwavering support ofNajy Benhassine (Country Director), Nicole Klingen(Regional Director for Human Development), GailiusDraugelis (Country Manager), and Hnin Pyne (ProgramLeader for Human Development). Special thanksto Keiko Inoue (Education Program Manager) forcontinuous support and encouragement. Specialthanks also to Faizal Bari (Dean LUMS School ofEducation), Adnan Ghumman (Senior Economist,World Bank), and Flora Kelmendi (Senior Economist,World Bank) who served as peer reviewers. The report incorporated parental and householdperspectives on education financing in Pakistan,thanks to Ipsos Pakistan and Lauren Nicole Dahlin,a consultant at the World Bank. Our analysis wasenhanced by their data collection efforts via a national AT TRIBUTIONBarón, Juan D., Mary Bend, Fahad Mirza, Nimra Afzal,Hirut Wolde, and Nadeem Hussain. 2023.Spend Better, Spend More:How to Make Education Expenditures Count for Children in Pakistan.Washington, DC: World Bank. Executive Summaryiv IN THIS REPORT → Introduction12 01Overview of the16Education System in Pakistan 02Education Financing31and Spending 03Efficiency in the Education48Sector in Pakistan 04Equity in Pakistan’s Education63 05System Management88and Coordination 06Parents and Civil Society104 07Conclusion and118Recommendations EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Over the last few decades,Pakistan has made great strides instrengthening its education system. Pakistan has expanded free andcompulsory education to millions ofstudents and increased female schoolattendance.Punjab alone d