马尔代夫国家气候与发展报告

World Bank Group June 2024 © 2024 The World Bank Group1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of theInternational Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), the InternationalDevelopment Association (IDA), the International Finance Corporation (IFC), and the Multilateral Investment GuaranteeAgency (MIGA), collectively known as The World Bank, withexternal contributors. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, reliability, or completeness of the content included in this work, or theconclusions or judgments described herein, and accepts no responsibility orliability for any omissions or errors(including, without limitation, typographical errors, and technical errors) in the content whatsoever or for reliancethereon. The boundaries, colors, denominations, links/footnotes, and other information shown in thiswork do not implyany judgment on the part of any of theorganizations of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of works authored by others does not mean The WorldBank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of their works. The findings, interpretations, andconclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of IBRD/IDA, IFC and MIGA, their respectiveBoards of Executive Directors, and the governments they represent. The contents of this work are intended for general informational purposes only and are not intended to constitute legal,securities, or investment advice, an opinion regarding the appropriateness of any investment, or a solicitation of anytype. Some of the organizations of The World Bank or their affiliates may have an investment in, provide other advice orservices to, or otherwise have a financial interest in, certain of the companies and parties named herein. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges andimmunities of any of IBRD/IDA, IFC and MIGA, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank Group encourages dissemination of itsknowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution tothis work is given and all further permissions that may berequired for suchuse (as noted herein) are acquired. The WorldBank Group does not warrant that the content contained in this work will not infringe on the rights of third parties, andaccepts no responsibility orliability in this regard. All queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Table of Contents Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................ivAbbreviations......................................................................................................................................................viExecutive Summary..............................................................................................................................................vii1.Maldives’ Intertwined Development and Climate Change Challenges........................................................11.1. Overview of Maldives’ development trajectory in a changing climate....................................................11.2.Climate change impacts in Maldives........................................................................................................31.2.1.Impacts from SLR, flooding, and coastal erosion.............................................................................31.2.2.Impacts from ocean heating..............................................................................................................71.2.3.Other hazards and climate change impacts on people and communities...................................102.Institutions and Policies for Climate Change................................................................................................132.1.Climate change commitments and policies...........................................................................................132.2.Climate change institutions and governance.........................................................................................143.Toward Climate-Resilient Ecosystems...........................................................................................................174.Toward Climate-Resilient Islands and Infrastructure...................................................................................214.1.Adaptation options...................................................................................................................................214.1