能源转型的地缘政治：能源安全（英）

climatepowerH2H2policiesindependancegridsinfrastructurediversificationdevelopmentflexibilitystabilitysupply chainstabilitydemandinterconnectorsroutesaccessregionalaccessshiftportsconflictsstoragematerialscybershippingpotentialtradetradeaffordableresiliencetradeGEOPOLITICS OF THE ENERGY TRANSITION ENERGY SECURITY ABOUT IRENAThe International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future. It serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org© IRENA 2024Unless otherwise stated, material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that appropriate acknowledgement is given of IRENA as the source and copyright holder. Material in this publication that is attributed to third parties may be subject to separate terms of use and restrictions, and appropriate permissions from these third parties may need to be secured before any use of such material.ISBN: 978-92-9260-599-5CITATION: IRENA (2024), Geopolitics of the energy transition: Energy security, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi.For further information or to provide feedback: publications@irena.orgThis report is available for download: www.irena.org/publicationsDISCLAIMERThis publication and the material herein are provided “as is”. All reasonable precautions have been taken by IRENA to verify the reliability of the material in this publication. However, neither IRENA nor any of its officials, agents, data or other third-party content providers provides a warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, and they accept no responsibility or liability for any consequence of use of the publication or material herein. The information contained herein does not necessarily represent the views of all Members of IRENA. The mention of specific companies or certain projects or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by IRENA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The designations employed and the presentation of material herein do not imply the expression of any opinion on the part of IRENA concerning the legal status of any region, country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of frontiers or boundaries.This publication was supported by voluntary contributions from the Governments of the Netherlands and Norway. 3ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThis report was developed under the supervision of Elizabeth Press (Director, IRENA Planning and Programme Support), who co-authored the report with Yana Popkostova and Thijs Van de Graaf (IRENA consultants) with substantive support from Ellipse Rath and Gerald Tagoe. The authors are grateful for the reviews, inputs and support provided by IRENA colleagues Roland Roesch, Michael Taylor, Francisco Boshell, Ricardo Gorini, Paul Komor, Imen Gherboudj, Adrian Gonzalez, Sibghat Ullah, Francis Field, Kathleen Daniel, Stephanie Clarke, Anastasia Kefalidou, Celia García-Baños, Jaidev Dhavle and Hannah Sofia Guinto.Internal peer review was provided by Caroline Ochieng, Emanuele Bianco, Karsten Sach (IRENA consultant), Michael Renner, Mirjam Reiner, Raul Alfaro Pelico, Safiatou Alzouma and Stefano Marguccio. External peer review was provided by Andras Rozmer (EEAS), Annabelle Livet (Foundation for Strategic Research), Benjamin Gibson (Ørsted), Daniel Scholten (University of Minnesota), Hans Olav Ibrekk (Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Section for Energy, Climate and Environment), Holger Klitzing (Federal Foreign Office, Germany), Indra Overland (NUPI), Irina Patrahau (HCSS), Ligia Noronha (UNEP), Olga Khakova (The Atlantic Council), Paula Kivimaa (Finnish Environment Institute [SYKE], Piyush Verma (UNDP), Ruud Kempener (European Commission) and Saito Kazuhiko (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan).The report was edited by Steven Kennedy. Design was provided by weeks.de Werbeagentur GmbH.Geopolitics of the Energy TransitionENERGY SECURITY© ljubaphoto; iStock Geopolitics of the Energy Transition4ACC air cooled condenserCOP Conference of the Parties CRM critical raw materialsEJ exajouleESG environmental, social and governanceEU European UnionEVs electric vehiclesFAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the U