Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning for Advancing Resilience under the Community Resilience Partnership ProgramClimate change is impacting the livelihoods, food and water security, health, and well-being of millions of people across Asia and the Pacific. Multiple climate and weather hazards such as cyclones, droughts, floods, and heatwaves—sometimes occurring simultaneously or in close succession—are destroying crops and livestock, incapacitating critical infrastructure, and damaging ecosystems. As temperatures increase, precipitation patterns change, and sea levels continue to rise, people’s lives and livelihoods will be increasingly disrupted in multiple ways, with profound implications for their well-being and society. With the rising probability of global warming breaching the critical .C threshold, even if only transiently, humans and ecosystems are set to face additional and unavoidable increases in multiple climate hazards.The poorest and most vulnerable people are hardest hit by these climate shocks and stresses. Over €‚‚ million people are already estimated to live in extreme poverty in Asia and the Pacific (Shaw et al. †‚††). Evidence suggests that globally, climate change could push a further ‰† million to ‰† million additional people into extreme poverty by †‚‰‚, with Asia being one of the main hotspots (Jafino et al. †‚†‚). The disproportionate nature of climate change impacts on poor people, especially on poor women, is largely driven by structural inequalities in socioeconomic and political systems. This results in increased exposure to climate shocks and stresses and increased vulnerability to their impacts, with low capacity to adapt. Addressing these challenges will require increasing investment in transformational adaptation solutions that build the resilience of poor people to the negative impacts of climate change. This means delivering adaptation solutions at a scale that supports large numbers of beneficiaries and tackles the root causes of vulnerability through changing societal systems that drive inequality. These solutions must also produce long-term positive changes that endure despite dynamic and uncertain local political economies and climate futures. It is in this context that the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has developed the Community Resilience Partnership Program (CRPP) to help countries and communities in Asia and the Pacific scale up investments in climate adaptation, especially investments at the community level, that explicitly target the nexus between climate change, poverty, and gender. The CRPP has been developed to address major gaps in climate-resilience COMMUNITY RESILIENCE PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM TECHNICAL NOTE ­FEBRUARY Photo: Women take part in the community decision-making process under the Secondary Towns Infrastructure Development Project in Bangladesh. programming in Asia and the Pacific and is closely aligned with international policy priorities and participating country national adaptation plans (NAPs). The CRPP seeks to contribute to transformational change through three key objectives:. Mobilizing large-scale public investments that support community-level adaptation of poor and vulnerable people.†. Developing national and local policies, plans, and programs that promote long-term financing for community-led adaptation.‰. Increasing the meaningful participation of poor women and men in resilience-related decision-making.the full potential of MEL as a set of tools for enabling transformative adaptation as a central part of a holistic and systematic approach to climate action programming and implementation. MEL can contribute to addressing structural inequalities, deepen understanding of complex processes that coalesce to strengthen or reduce resilience, and support sustainability of outcomes and lasting change in a context of high uncertainty. As such, MEL needs to be recognized as part of the resilience-building process itself, rather than simply a requirement for reporting on the achievement of results to those financing the adaptation activities. This technical note on Monitoring, Evaluation, and Learning for Advancing Resilience under the Community Resilience Partnership Program is one in a series of technical notes released as part of the operationalization of the CRPP. The note first makes the case for MEL as a critical component supporting transformative adaptation in the context of the CRPP. A set of guiding principles for MEL that CRPP aims to follow and promote in its supported projects are then presented, before specific actions related to MEL under the CRPP are identified. In doing so, the technical note will help promote a common approach to MEL across CRPP-supported projects and facilitate the ability to carry out coherent and coordinated MEL activities across the program. As implementation of the program progresses, the CRPP approach to MEL will evolve (i) based on experience and learning on the ground, and (ii) to ensure close alig