人工智能知识点全景图迈向智能时代蓝皮书

导读INTRODUCTION !"#$%"&$'"($)"*——+,-·./0 !"#$%&'()*+,-. !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123#456("789:;<=>1?@AB-/C456"7DEFGHIJHK(LM1N%O!"PQRS“cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIJ1"7O H$Z&'[\]^_N%`abcd-efgh^_ij(kl1m@-noH$Z&'(LMD`pfOqr-s*tgh"7:;uvwxyT-P#z{|"7:;N%}@(456~OÄÅ13ÇÉÑ-ÖÜáà8,âäãå^BIçéè·êë8Ramon LlullBíìîH"7ïñ456óò(“"7ô8Treeof KnowledgeBöõIô8Tree of ScienceB”-P#úùûÄ(ü†"7456°¢-£§•à¶[ß(“$%®©™´+8alphabet of human thoughtB”hìü¨O H$Z&'("7≠ïñ~-DEÆØ≠|∞<Ø∞|±<ر|}-ef$Z&'≤≥¥μ("7∂∑O '()*/012+3456 $Z&'Å∏π∫ªºΩæø∏º¿¡¬√8AI WinterB-.ƒ≈∆«ÅC$»H$Z&'…º≥À{HÃÕŒœ(∫ª–À—“-”‘$Z&'L’1÷◊ÿ'ŸÕ[⁄¤()≥‹›fiïüfl‹›î$Z&'(~‡åO ·‚≥I„‰ÂIÊ1Á}¢IÊËÈÍ·§ÎÏëÌÓ8Sir James LighthillBÔüQÒÊwC1973Ú∫+îüÛÙqı$Z&'ˆüÛd±˜¯˘-!qØC–À˙˚“w¸˝˛8combinatorial explosionB”ˇ!-b”‘($Z&'÷◊"'M#“$%%ˇ!8toy problemB”-&'$Z&'ï()ü¡*¬O§ÎÏëƒ$ÅI+l%u)*‹›¢-,#20ÇÉû-≥(¢IÊiü1,./01¢I(23çOæ4“¿5ü6“78æ9ü(:;<=>?Õ@t§ÎÏëABCD◊1EFÎ(klGL’H¸yTIJîKL-'|LM„‰(NÙ(“OÖ§-§ÎÏë-<8Poincare-Lighthill-Kuo method-PßPLK◊-ü†QRN÷ΩÂSM◊-.æKuoT<=>B”÷◊-q$%UV“WX”Jìî)*YZO $Z&')[¡\(]^£_`$abcu?O1943Ú-døõIÊef8Warren McCullochB1ghIÊeëηi¶8Walter PittsB¸JíìîÀ,» Ù™jÙ(“MCPdø7”_BOkl(mno˙C1954ÚÅıp4õIqI…r˘∫+(üs!qıtìFuvI(wx˘yzæ{1|}-“ÅõIπv)ü¡-~»"}î~»#o"}(”OÄÅ˙.áÇ•VÎ8Frank RosenblattBÅ20ÇÉ50Ú.íìî“É"b8perceptronB”_B-$»Hdø∂∑ÑÖîÜ≥…O1969Ú-eÍ/8Marvin MinskyB1áEÎ8Seymour A. PapertBìàîıÉ"bˆâäãåI˘üç-éeîØè(G1èìGêG(É"b'¢ë.uí-ìîï◊ñGóö8XORBPü/ƒghâäˇ!OPüçò(ìà&'dø∂∑ôö(õúO20ÇÉ80Ú.2ù-$Z&'ï(î10Úûü()[Q¬√O 4†°01°¢ZΩ£§•8IEEEBqîÉ;áÇ•VÎ-C2004Ú¶ßîIEEE Frank Rosenblatt®O©√]™IJ´ÅK1$Z&'FG)¨¡∫ª≠Æ-íì“Ø∞±≤≥¥”Pü:;Tμ∂dø∂∑∑Â(∏á8Paul WerbosBÀ{jÙ“]™IJ”ÃÙS(π∫8Geoffrey HintonBNªC2022Ú12014Úº'IEEE Frank Rosenblatt®O HΩü¡æø(¿®¡¬√ƒ≈ü¡lï(?b-∆i«»-.∫…À 78'()*'9:;<=>?@A 2017Ú7Ã-4ÕŒœ∫îıÃü.$Z&'∫ª4–˘-@—íìî±≤2030Ú~4Ãü.$Z&'∫ª(T®©<“”úD<)≠‘Õ1∏X’÷OıÃü.$Z&'∫ª4–˘H$Z&'$◊ÿŸ1Ì√⁄¤î‹™?›-Å“”fifl<)≠‘Õ<∏X’÷¨Q÷±ì,18¡“Ì√”™‡-e·íìß$Z&'Ò‚”1“Å∆u/„v3‰$Z&'Ò‚Ì√^_-FG$Z&'+X¥¸Ò‚ÿŸÃ_”A*ÊO ÁË2022Ú7Ã-d4Èu440[‹Í¶Îî$Z&'ƒõÒ‚<248[‹Í¶Îî&'õI£Ï+ƒõÒ‚O4ÕŒIÌÓÔ•¶Î)14QIõ%8ÒÚÛIõB-ÙıˆG°˜õI£ZΩ<4ʯdI<¶âI<˘ÉõI£Ï+<&'õI£Ï+<˙˚4ªI¸Qü˝IõO 101BC7'()*,-. ACM-IEEEÆ1968Ú2ù∫•âäbƒõÒ‚˛Ω}@-TƒõÌ√ÌIOÅ1968Ú)üQ˛Ω}@æ-$Z&'À“AI, heuristicprogramming8$Z&'£ˇ∫Â4–B”"7Ô˚ì,-±!"q“$Z&'£b#$”1“&'@—”óòO2021Ú-´Â2ù&‰“$Z&'8Artificial IntelligenceB”JqâäbƒõÒ‚˛Ω}@æüQ"7Ô˚(óò-À$„úù$Z&'Pü+XôLM&‰(%&'(O 2021ÚÚÑ-Ì√)ˇ1*÷(âäbÔ˚ƒõÌ√ÌI"+,≠ZJâ–8Pß101â–BO33[âäbõI%/„Iõ-.IÕÿŸ//0¶‹Íæ15[‹Í(40Ì1£∑£îı$Z&'2’˘˛Ω0¶OÀ“3/„<4Ú Û<Ÿ5ñ<6„‰”qL;-78“3ä◊/„<ŸfL97<:Z%;<<6='„‰”(ÿŸúD-ı$Z&'2’˘¶Îî10Q_>162Q"7≠8?9Qï@"7≠B-\]+A£KL<BC£D6<0_£IJ<fL£¯dAEF^_O '()*'9:;7DEFGEHI ‹æGHÏ+IõEFIŸØGH97<âä®J<™6IJ£KÃ1GHL•M‘NQEF*IwGOOÌàı$Z&'Pfl˘ÌQÙ?“&'i˜ˆ∏π£∫ª”<“&'iUˆä◊£_B”<“&'i¢ˆ='i+”<“&'i‰ˆ˚ÕL•”<“&'i/ˆfL£¯d”A^_OR4$Z&'§•1âäbõIÌ£§•tK12IÕs*ST("7≠Nq&'É"<+Y1KL<b#IJ<UVÚW1L•‹›XQ÷±O EÀ"}-æIÕ[IJ$Z&'"7£≥Iƒõ[IJ$Z&'"7uüY(ÚÛ)Z-t≥I"7≥[“\J”qæI[I"7≠-qæIÕt[I"7Å≥I@]ïñ“^J”_`abO«r-$Z&'$◊ÿŸæ^J£\Ji}A'cq)*O 序言PREFACE $Z&'8Artificial Intelligence-AIB#ü~–Àdº≥—÷◊eM#*†ˇ!(Iˇi}Oüfug-$Z&'(/ƒúD#&b#%u$%ö.,&hÕœ◊'iu('¢-ÙıÉ"89Xj7ª<UVXgLM<âäbklB<ˇ!ÊM/#m'¢89BC14–B<ñ189b#$BÀ{no‘ÕñG(}@pê89&'}1q&'}BO r[c"-$Z&'%us4‘åÔ˚Ï+(t¢-#%uC^2bö°¢(ü†“&'”Ï+O$Z&'Pü†&'Ï+ôLM„‰C.,rqÔ˚-9v‚<cw<øx<yè1z{AÔ˚O $Z&'Jqü†&'Ï+-√V%u£.,Iõ~ïñÚÛ(|>-ÆPQ9}ug-$Z&'E~“îu^\-î≥EÚÛ”O«r-$Z&'~ƒÄÀ{$Z&'$◊ÿŸs*ŸTUdøõI<aõI<œLI<ÂI<°¢ZΩ<ÕœI<XgI<!"IA÷±("7-Æu&'~ƒÄ'ÇM#É¥μˇ!<[ÿŸ$◊'Ç„H¥μˇ!Ñ“O ”ù-âäbÌ√´Æ“"7ƒÌÌ√”8Knowledge Based EducationBÖ≤“'¢ƒÌÌ√”8Competency Based EducationB-Æu*,"1ñ(—üO£rÜá„-$Z&'Ì√à´ÅÀ“3/„<4ÚÛ<Ÿ5ñ<6„‰”qL;-Ö4AIÒ‚$◊1AI+XÚÛ$◊ÿŸO !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123#456("789:;<=>1?@AB-/C456"7DEFGHIJHK(LM1N%O!"PQRS“cognition”TUCVWX“cognitio”-+YIJ1"7OâÏäqI!q$%LMÇl(ãåUC“IJÏ'”1“Mçé'"7”¿†ãå-Æu“2ù"}”O H$Z&'[\]^_N%`abcd-efgh^_ij(kl1m@-noH$Z&'(LMD`pfOqr-s*tgh"7:;uvwxyT-P#z{|"7:;N%}@(456~OÄÅ13ÇÉÑ-ÖÜáà8,âäãå^Bè$<qIÊ<ghIÊéè·êë8Ramon LlullBíìîH"7ïñ456óò(“"7ô8Tree of KnowledgeBöõIô8Tree of ScienceB”-P#úùûÄ(ü†"7456°¢O Åæ4$Z&'I•wx≈-Øæ4$Z&'I•Ì√ZJÓÔ•êMë|-TUÌ√ZÓ•(íì<îï<ñóò<ôöõ<úù<ûü<†°<¢£<§••<ñ8<¶ß<®©™<ñ´¨<≠-Æ{Ì√)âäbÔ˚ƒõÌ√ÌI "+,≠ZJâ–8Pß101â–Bæı$Z&'2’˘˛Ω0¶w[uGÔ8ÙRرB-üy¸J-H$Z&'Ì£I("7≠∏π∫ª10¶®˜ïñî®∞-FGîı$Z&'"7≠d±≤ˆ≥≤“&'+”‘.¥iç˘O ı$Z&'"7≠d±≤ˆ≥≤“&'+”‘.¥iç˘Ùı$Z&'AÎμ͡∂∑∏£Ãü.$Z&'4πfl∫<$Z&'$◊ÿŸ}@<âäbÒ‚˛Ω}@"7≠ªA<ACM1IEEE-CScY(Ãà$Z&'"7≠<101â–æ$Z&'"7≠<K12Ì√æ($Z&'A^_O ɺΩæøŒ;<§¿¡Œ;<¬√ƒŒ;<≈∆«Œ;<»…Œ;<À>ÃŒ;<Õ§GÌÓ<îGŒ~Ô<cöœÌÓ<–—“ÌÓ<John HopcroftÌÓ8Cornell UniversityB<Bart SelmanÌÓ8Cornell UniversityB<Stuart RussellÌÓ8University of California, BerkeleyB<Jun ZhangÌÓ8University of MichiganBAÅ¥içFGºΩæÖÀ(TO 编委EDITORS 8‘ÙgN?±B æ4$Z&'I•Ì√ZJÓÔ• íì’O÷≥Iîï’◊ëÿZ‚≥Iñóò’æ4õIÏ+≥Iôöõ’Ÿ⁄≥Iúù’⯰¢õÏ≥Iûü’√⁄≥I†°’Ÿ⁄Z‚≥I¢£’O÷≥I§••’⯰¢õÏ≥Iñ8’æ4õIÏ+≥I¶ß’Ÿ⁄Z‚≥I®©™’√⁄≥Iñ´¨’Ÿ⁄GHõÏ≥I≠-Æ’◊ëÿZ‚≥I Ì√)âäbÔ˚ƒõÌ√ÌI"+,≠ZJâ–8101â–Bı$Z&'2’˘˛Ω0¶wGÔ íì’O÷≥I(¤’O÷≥IÀ‹›’O÷≥I§yÃ’Ÿ⁄≥IîÊfi’Ÿ⁄≥Ipœ≥I§0Ã’pœ≥Ifl‡·’Ÿ⁄LZ≥I‚?Ô’Ÿ⁄LZ≥I§„’Ÿ⁄LZ≥Iπô‰’Ÿ⁄LZ≥I §Âm’◊ëÿZ‚≥I§«Ê’◊ëÿZ‚≥I≠Á’◊ëÿZ‚≥I≠Ëp’v«Úd≥I‹È’v«Úd≥I§y’°¢õÏ≥IÍΉ’°¢õÏ≥IÏÌÓ’â¯Úd≥IÜe’â¯Úd≥I–Ô·’â¯Úd≥Iπ±Ã’â¯Úd≥I;’â¯Úd≥IÒÚÛ’hx≥I≠òæ’hx≥IÙ◊ı’hx≥Iˆ˜’hx≥IÀË’hx≥Iº¯’ˆ˘≥IO‰’ˆ˘≥IÕ§G’⯰¢õÏ≥I˙˚ò’⯰¢õÏ≥I’⯰¢õÏ≥I§••’⯰¢õÏ≥IͲœ’æ4$Ã≥Iˇ›’¥!≥I"#Ó’¥!≥I夒œæõÏ≥I$%’&√≥Iñß'’O÷≥I 目录CONTENTS 导读INTRODUCTION...............................................................................................................