城市新能源物流车推广的挑战与经验： 北京的启示

工作论文 | 2021年4月 | 1工作论文城市新能源物流车推广的挑战与经验： 北京的启示邱诗永 薛露露 蔡静 陈佳琪 宋丽英 吴征 著ZERO-EMISSION LOGISTIC VEHICLES PROMOTION CHALLENGES AND EXPERIENCES: BEIJING CASE STUDY引用建议：引用建议：邱诗永、薛露露、蔡静、陈佳琪、宋丽英、吴征著. 城市新能源物流车推广的挑战与经验：北京的启示. 2021. 工作论文，北京：世界资源研究所. http://www.wri.org.cn/publications.“工作论文”包括初步的研究、分析、结果和意见。“工作论文”用于促进讨论，征求反馈，对新事物的争论施加影响。工作论文最终可能以其他形式进行发表，内容可能会修改。目录执行摘要 ................................................................. 1 Executive Summary ........................................................ 2 背景 ........................................................................ 2研究范围与方法 ....................................................... 4研究范围 ............................................................. 4研究方法与样本 ................................................... 6推广的挑战 .............................................................. 8全生命周期成本高 ................................................ 8整车品质有限，售后体系不完善 ........................... 10运输企业分散，收货企业要求高 ........................... 11专用充电桩数量匮乏，布局不合理 ........................ 11推广的经验 ............................................................. 12路权政策与运营补贴发挥重要作用 ........................ 12鼓励采用租赁模式 ............................................... 14在细分场景与市场中加速推广 ............................... 16建议 ........................................................................ 17参考文献 ................................................................. 22执行摘要推动物流车的电动化是减少空气污染与温室气体排放的重要措施之一。虽然物流车在城市机动车保有量中占比较低，但其贡献了数量可观的空气污染物与温室气体排放。国务院、交通运输部和生态环境部等均为城市物流车的电动化提出了目标。然而，与公交车等其他营运车辆相比，物流车仍处于电动化的初期，与推广目标仍存在差距。本文选择新能源物流车推广数量较多的北京为例，以运输企业为重点调研对象，识别新能源物流车购置与使用中存在的主要问题。调研发现，新能源物流车在推广中主要面临以下问题：车辆运营效率有限，全生命周期成本高；车辆故障率和维修成本高，售后服务无法满足运输企业需求；运输企业分散，小型企业对成本敏感；货主企业装卸时间要求严格、灵活性差；充电设施配套不完善。调研同时发现，新能源物流车路权政策与运营补贴能降低新能源物流车全生命周期成本，是推动运输企业使用新能源物流车的重要手段。根据调研结果，本文建议国家和地方政府综合施策： ■在国家层面，鼓励地方政府试点实施零排放物流区，支持地方政府从碳减排和空气污染物控制的角度制定推广新能源物流车的政策，同时多部门联合加速出台新能源物流车产品质量保障体系，规范售后服务。此外，组织国家层面的新能源物流车测评和推广，推动车辆技术进步，为运输企业选车、购车提供参考。 ■在地方层面，通过设定新能源物流车推广目标、开放路权、优化运输组织方式、完善充电基础设施、探索创新的融资方式等措施，降低新能源物流车全生命周期成本，加速物流车的电动化。 2 | EXECUTIVE SUMMARYAlthough urban logistic vehicles constitute less than 10% of vehicles on the road in most cities, they account for a disproportionate amount of transport-related CO2 emissions and pollutants. Hence, transitioning to zero-emission logistic vehicles is a key measure for cities to achieve cleaner air and to prevent climate change. Although China’s central governments including State Council, the Ministry of Transport and the Ministry of Ecological Environment have prioritized urban logistic vehicles (GVWR <4.5t) for electrification and set promotion targets, the number of urban electric logistic vehicles is far behind the targets. The study uses Beijing—a city that leads China’s urban logistic vehicle electrification--as an example, and surveyed logistic service providers of different sizes, operation characteristics (own-account and for-hire), and duty cycles (one shift per day, two shifts per days, or three shifts per day, and milk runs) to identify the barriers to the adoption of electric logistic vehicles. The survey results reveal numerous challenges exist for the purchase, operation, and maintenance of electric logistic vehicles, including 1) limited operation efficiency and low vehicle residual values leading to a high total cost of ownership (TCO) for the first owners, compared to that of fossil fueled vehicles; 2) poor vehicle quality and after-sales services resulting in high maintenance costs; 3) fragmented urban delivery market characterized by small, own-account logistic service providers sensitive to high TCOs; 4) strict delivery time-window requirements from shippers; and 5) lack of sensible charging infrastructure planning to meet vehicles’ operational duty-cycle needs. The study also indicates: first, most of the duty cycles of urban deliveries are ready for electrification, although three shifts per day and milk runs with goods of volumetric weights may still face electrification challenges; second, most vehicles are well posed for electrification, except for refrigerated vehicles; third, road access privileges and operation subsidies for electric logistic vehicles can reduce the lifecycle costs and are therefore important to encourage vehicle electrification. To further accelerate logistic vehicle electrification, the research recommends that the central and local governments take joint actions. On the national level, the relevant ministries should provide guidance and supervision on logistic vehicles’ quality assurance and after-sale services, form proven electric vehicles’ residual value assessment system (to facilitate the creation of second owners or third owners’ market for electric logistic vehicles), and establish a national testing, scoring, and noticing system for the technical performance of different electric logistic vehicle brands. On the local level, besides public subsidies, municipal governments should set concrete promotion