2022年农产品市场状况报告

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnited Nations2022THESTATEOFAGRICULTURALCOMMODITYMARKETSTHEGEOGRAPHYOFFOODANDAGRICULTURALTRADEPOLICYAPPROACHESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT of the United Nations.Required citation:FA0. 2022. The Stafe of Agricultura/ Commodity Markets 2022. The geography of food and agricultura/ trade:Palicy approaches for sustainable development. Rome, FAO.https-/dol.org/10.4060/cc0471enThe designations employed and the presentation of materialin this informetion product do notimply the expression of anyopinlon whatscever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legalor development status of any ceuntry, teritory, cily or aree or of its authorities, or conceming the delimitation of its frontiersor boundaries. The mention of specilic companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented,does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are notmentioned.The designations employed and the presentation of materialin the maps do not imply the expression of any opinionwhatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legalor constitutional status of any country, teritory or sea area, or concermingthe delimitation of trontiers. Dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be fullagreement.ISSN 2663-8207 (print)ISSN 2663-8215 (online)ISBN 978-92-5-136373-7@ FA0, 2022000Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGO lioence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https:/creativecommo.ns.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0igo)Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, providedthat the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specificorganization, products or services. The use ofthe FAOlogo is not permited. If the workis adapted, then itmust be licensedunder the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the followingUnited Nations (FAO), FAO is not responsibie for the content or accuracy of this translation, The original English edition shall bethe authoritative edition."Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably wibe resolved by mediation and arbitration as describedin Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of theWorld Intellectual Property Organization bttp:/laww.wipe.int/amc/en/mediation/tules and any arbitration will be conducted inaccordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL).cepyright holder, The risk of ctlalms resutting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely withthe user.Sales, rights and licensing, FAO information products are available on the FAO website(maw.fao.org/psublications) and can be purchased through gublications-salesafaoorgRequests for commerciel use should be submited via: mw.feo.ore/contact-uslicence-reguest.Querles regarding rigits and licensing shodld be submited to: SaRyrighiefaa.orgCOVER PHOTOGRAPH GShutterstock.com/atk workTHAILAND. Rice fields in Chiang Mai during harvest. 2022THESTATEOFAGRICULTURALCOMIMODITYMARKETSTHEGEOGRAPHYOFFOODANDAGRICULTURALTRADE:POLICYAPPROACHESFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENTFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsRome,2022 CONTENTSFOREWORDvPART4METHODOLOGYviTHE AGRICULTURAL TRADEACKNOWLEDGEMENTSviPOLICY ENVIRONMENT73ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMSixKey messages73EXECUTIVE SUMMARYxThe landscape of trade policy in foodand agriculture73PART1The gains from trade: Multilateral tradeGLOBAL AND REGIONAL TRADE NETWORKSliberalization and regional trade agreements79Key Messages1Trade and environmental externalities:The globalization of food and agricultural trade1Multilateral and regional policy solutions86Structural changes in the global network ofSustainable development and the interplayfood and agricultural trade8between multilateralism and regionalism90From globalization to regionalization?How resilient is global food and agriculturalNOTES92trade to shocks to the system?17PART2THE FUNDAMENTAL DRIVERS OF TRADE25TABLESIN FOOD AND AGRICULTUREKey messages252.1 Productivity differences in agriculture andWhy do countries trade?26non-agriculture sectors between the 10th and9Oth percentile of the world income distribution,Comparative advantage, trade policies2019 (constant 2015 USD per worker)31and trade costs302.2 The strength of comparative advantage inUnpacking the impact of comparativefood and agricultural markets41advantage and trade costs373.1 Classification of formats of the inclusion ofenvironment-related provisions in regional tradePART3agreements65AGRICULTURAL TRADE AND THE ENVIRONMENT49493.2 Selected examples of regional tradeKey