中国农业支持政策改革与转型研究

Contents Foreword I… …………………………………………………………………………………………………………vXiwen Chen Foreword II…………………………………………………………………………………………………………viiQixin Sun Executive Summary………………………………………………………………………………………………ixShenggen Fan, Kevin Z. Chen, Jing Zhu, and Wei Si Acknowledgments…………………………………………………………………………………………………xiii Chapter 1Evolution of Agricultural Support Policies…………………………………………………………2Yumei Zhang, Ting Meng, Xiangmin Lan, Shenggen Fan, Kevin Z.Chen,and Wei Si Chapter 2Reforming Support Policies to Improve Chinese Nutrition and Diet… ………………………14Qiran Zhao, Yumei Zhang, Shenggen Fan, Kevin Z. Chen, Yi Cui, and Ying Zhang Chapter 3Repositioning Agricultural Support Policies for Achieving China’s 2060Carbon Neutrality goal… …………………………………………………………………………38Xiaolong Feng, Yumei Zhang, Zongyi Wu, Shenggen Fan, and Kevin Z. Chen Chapter 4Repurposing Agricultural Support Policies for Improved Nutritional Outcomes andGreen and Low-Carbon Development… …………………………………………………………56Yumei Zhang, Shenggen Fan, Kevin Z. Chen, Wei Si, Xiangmin Lan, and Jingjing Wang Chapter 5China’s Fiscal Expenditure on Agriculture: Impact on the Urban–Rural Income Gap… ……72Rui Mao, Maoqi Ruan, Xinjie Shi, Weiqi Sun, and Kevin Z. Chen Chapter 6Reforming China’s Domestic Agricultural Support under the International TradeFramework… ………………………………………………………………………………………96XuejunWang, LiangXu, WenruiZhang, ZhengkaiFu,and JingZhu Foreword I In 2021, China produced more than 680 million tons of grains and its per capita grain possession reached 483 kg.With nine percent of the world’s arable land and six percent of the world’s freshwater resources, China has successfullyfed 18% of the world’s population, thus, contributing to the global goals of hunger eradication and food security.However, due to improvements in people’s living standards and the upgradation of the food consumption structure,the total food consumption and the total food supply in China reveals a gap, and certain foods are particularlyundersupplied. At the National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference in March2022, President Xi Jinping emphasized the need for a “Big Food Concept” to ensure the effective supply of meat,vegetables, fruits, aquatic products, and other types of food, while sustaining the supply of staple grains. To establishand apply this Big Food Concept, a shift in the focus of food security is required, that is, from ensuring the supply ofstaple grains to the adequate supply of diversified food products. At present, China faces multiple challenges in food security. First, the agricultural production foundation remainsweak, highlighted by the difficulties in protecting and improving the quality of arable land and innovation capacityof the seed industry. Second, the increase in food production has strained the country’s resource carrying capacity,leading to significant environmental pollution by chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural plastic films, and livestockand poultry manure. Third, domestic agricultural support policies are limited because they are subject to the ceiling ofinternational prices, the WTO’s “amber box,” and other restrictions. Fourth, in addition to the natural, market, and othertraditional risks, agriculture also contends with the risk of pandemics, regional conflicts, international market risks, andnon-traditional risks in the ever-evolving world stage. To address these challenges and achieve major national strategic goals, such as Rural Revitalization, CommonProsperity, “Double Carbon” Goals, Ecological Civilization, and Healthy China, China needs to urgently transform itsagriculture, and agricultural support policies need to be adjusted and optimized accordingly. In this context, the 2022China and Global Food Policy Report, with the theme of “Optimizing Agricultural Support Policies to Promote theTransformation of Agrifood Systems,“ is particularly timely and important. Based on the data and models, the report focuses on the evolution of agricultural support policies in China andworldwide, and the impact of China’s agricultural support policies on nutritional health, resources and environment,common prosperity, and international trade. The report features an interdisciplinary, multisectoral, and closeintegration of international perspectives with Chinese practices. It proposes to reposition the targets of agriculturalsupport policies, promote balanced diets and nutrition improvement with the Big Food Concept, support thetransformation of subsidy policies and scientific and technological inputs toward green, low-carbon and sustainabledevelopment, optimize the structure and regional distribution of central financial support for agriculture to promoteurban-rural integration, and promote the continued shift of agricultural support policies from the “amber box” tothe “green box.” These policy suggestions provide important references for policymakers, researchers, and industrypractitioners. Furthermore, the report will hel