北马其顿从教育到工作的过渡：来自2025年毕业生追踪调查的见解（英）

Education-to-WorkTransition in NorthMacedoniaPublic Disclosure Authorized Insights from the 2025 Graduate Tracer Survey © 2025 The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet:www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. This work is a product of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do notnecessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and doesnot assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the useof or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations,links/footnotes and other information shown in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bankconcerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The citation of worksauthored by others does not mean the World Bank endorses the views expressed by those authors or the content of theirworks. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of TheWorld Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, thiswork may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “Brodmann, Stefanie, Bojana Naceva, Cornelius von Lenthe, Zsuzsanna Vadle, RominaMiorelli. 2025.Education-to-Work Transition in North Macedonia: Insights from the 2025 Graduate Tracer Survey. © World Bank.” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, TheWorld Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail:pubrights@worldbank.org. Education-to-Work Transition in North Macedonia: Insights from the 2025 Graduate Tracer Survey1 June 27, 2025 This policy note is intended to inform (i) data-driven decisions on program quotas and studyrelevance by the Ministry of Education and Science, (ii) the Government’s upcoming HigherEducation Strategy, and (iii) the North Macedonia Growth and Jobs Report (Country EconomicMemorandum),which includes in-depth analysis of labor market dynamics,productivity,competitiveness, and emerging workforce vulnerabilities. This policy note analyzes the transition from education to employment among tertiary graduatesin North Macedonia, with a focus on bachelor’s degree recipients from the 2022/23 cohort. Basedon the 2025 Graduate Tracer Survey, the findings reveal that while 67.8 percent of graduates areemployed, significant gaps remain in employment quality, inclusion, and alignment betweenqualifications and labor market demand. Key findings include: NEET and inactivity rates:14.8 percent of graduates are not in employment, education,or training (NEET), with higher rates among women. Within this group, 6.1 percent arefully inactive - not studying, working, or seeking work - often due to caregiving duties orlimited availability of quality jobs.Gender disparities:Women face slower labor market entry, lower earnings, and are morelikely to work part-time or in flexible jobs. Even when employed in high-skilled roles orwithin the same field of study, women earn less than men. Women also report lowerreservation wages and greater job dissatisfaction linked to financial constraints and jobquality.Field-specificvariation:Graduate outcomes vary widely by field of study.ICT,Architecture and Design, and Economics, Business and Finance graduates report strongerlabor market outcomes. By contrast, graduates from Arts and Humanities, NaturalSciences, and Education face slower employment transitions, higher NEET rates, andweaker wage prospects. Barriers to employment: Graduates - especially women and those from certain fields -face multiple barriers to quality employment. These include limited access to structuredwork experience, weak institutional job matching, caregiving responsibilities, and narrowlocallabor market opportunities. These barriers delay employment transitions andcontribute to mismatches between qualifications and job roles.Job mismatch and quality concerns:Many graduates accept jobs that do not match theirlevel or field of education - primarily due to a lack of alternatives. Overqualification,working outside one’s field, and low pay are key drivers of dissatisfaction. While men citebetter pay and benefits as reasons to stay in mismatched roles, women more frequentlyaccept them out of necessity.Underutilized support systems:Career services in universities and public employmentservices remain underused, par