人工智能与土耳其劳动力市场调整：来自LinkedIn数据的证据

No. 2624 | APRIL 2026 Artificial Intelligence and LaborMarket Adjustment in Türkiye:Evidence from LinkedIn Data Freeha FatimaEfsan Nas ÖzenDhushyanth Raju Series Description The Social Policy and Labor Discussion Paper series presents analysis and research that informs policy dialogue andoperational practice across social protection, social development, and labor markets. Social Protection: the collection covers the full lifecycle of Social Assistance, Social Insurance, Care, and SocialServices. Labor: the collection covers Active and Passive Labor Market Programs, Training and Skills Development, YouthEmployment, Economic Inclusion, and International Labor Mobility and Migration. SocialDevelopment:the collection covers Community and Local Development,Inclusion,Cohesion,ForcedDisplacement, Gender, and Human Rights. Across all areas, the series highlights cross-cutting issues such as Climate Change, Fragility and Conflict, andResilience. Copyright © 2026 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW,Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1 (202) 473 1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org. This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of TheWorld Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries,colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply anyjudgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination ofits knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as longas full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1 (202) 5222625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Artificial Intelligence and Labor Market Adjustment in Türkiye:Evidence from LinkedIn Data Freeha FatimaEfşan Nas ÖzenDhushyanth Raju This paper examines how artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping Türkiye’s labor market bydocumenting patterns in skill supply, employer demand, and labor market adjustment using high-frequency digital labor market indicators from LinkedIn. The analysis focuses on the mechanismsthrough which AI-related change is associated with shifts in skills, hiring, occupational mobility,exposure to generative AI, and international migration. The evidence shows a relatively broadpresence of foundational digital andAI literacy skills across sectors and demographic groups,alongside a persistent and increasing concentration of advanced AI engineering talent within anarrow set of occupations and industries. Measured skill penetration follows non-monotonicpatterns over time, while frontier AI talent accumulates steadily, indicating a divergence betweenthe breadth and depth of AI capability. Entry into AI roles often follows strongly path-dependentpathways, and employer demand signals for technical and AI-adjacent capabilities are onlypartially reflected in realized hiring, with no sustained positive divergence in AI-related hiringrelative to overall labor demand. Potential exposure to generative AI varies systematically acrosssectors and demographic groups, with the balance between task augmentation and disruptiondiffering across sectors rather than uniformly favoring one over the other. International migrationemerges as a salient adjustment margin for highly specialized AI talent, operating alongsidedomestic reallocation mechanisms and influencing the availability of frontier skills within thedomestic labor market. These patterns indicate that the central challenge associated with AI inTürkiye’s labor market lies not in whether AI-related capabilities will spread, but in howreallocation unfolds across skills, occupations, and workers over time. The findings highlight therole of skill formation systems,hiring and credentialing practices, occupational structures, andcross-border mobility in shaping the trajectory of labor market adjustment. The analysis alsoillustrates how digital labor market data can complement traditional sources by providing timelyevidence on emerging skills, evolving demand, and early adjustment dynamics in middle-incomeeconomies navigating the AI transition. Keywords:Artificial intelligence; labor market adjustment; skills and human capital;hiring andlabor demand; occupational mobility;talent migration; generative AI exposure; Türkiye JEL codes: J23;J24;J61;J62;O33 1.Introduction Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping how work is organized, how tasks are