行业研究公司研究宏观策略财报招股书会议纪要 Token 低空经济十五五 AIGC 大模型

碎片和爆炸性弹药指南（英）2026

基础化工 2026-05-06 UNDP Dawn

研究报告总结

本指南由联合国开发计划署（UNDP）针对冲突后环境中日益增长的爆炸性武器（EO）污染废弃物问题而制定，旨在概述该问题的现状及风险管理方法。

核心观点

冲突，特别是城市冲突，导致大量废弃物产生，其中可能包含EO，阻碍了人道主义援助、恢复和重建工作。
EO污染废弃物是一个规模性问题，需要系统性的风险管理方法。
大多数情况下，废弃物清理由土木工程部门领导，EO处置部门提供支持，仅在特定高风险条件下进行有意识的区域清理。
由于无法在实际清理前有效搜索EO，因此清理和回收EO污染废弃物 inherently 存在风险，需要接受一定程度的风险以实现清理目标。
成功管理EO污染废弃物需要大量收集操作数据，以了解风险并提高效率。

关键数据

阿富汗、加沙（OPT）、伊拉克、黎巴嫩、利比亚、叙利亚和乌克兰等地的经验表明，冲突地区的废弃物管理永远无法完全安全，而必须作为风险管理过程来理解和实施。
加沙地带截至2025年11月的废弃物估计超过6100万吨，需要将其视为主要土木工程任务，并辅以EO处置支持。
莫苏尔在2017年7月战斗结束后总计约700万吨废弃物。

研究结论

本指南面向各类从业者，包括废弃物管理者、恢复专业人员、现场监督员、EO处置操作员、地雷清除和战斗区域清理操作经理以及支持机构，旨在帮助将EO风险管理纳入大规模废弃物操作中。
指南概述了处理冲突废弃物问题的实用方法，强调了在减少EO风险与快速清理废弃物以实现恢复目标之间取得平衡的必要性。
指南详细介绍了废弃物管理的一般流程，包括现场选择、风险评估、拆除、分类、运输、回收和处置等步骤。
指南深入探讨了EO污染废弃物的风险问题，包括不同类型EO的风险差异、环境风险以及规模问题。
指南提出了风险管理方法，包括ALARP原则、降低EO风险的方法、责任问题、初始现场评估、EO风险教育（EORE）、持续现场程序、现场通信、现场移动限制、银行人员、EOD响应、CASEVAC（伤亡人员疏散）、社区联络、装甲设备、远程操作设备、无人机、废弃物摊铺、废弃物运输、废弃物回收和处置场、全面地雷清除/战斗区域清理以及集成EOD支持等。
指南强调了收集操作数据的重要性，建议每天系统地收集以下最低数据：废弃物组织、清理或回收现场、现场识别、省、市、经纬度、日期、时间EO发现、时间EO报告、现场发现位置、是否暂停工作、废弃物现场停止时间、废弃物现场重启时间、估计处理的废弃物吨数、参与的EOD组织、EO类别、EO子类别、EO型号、是否EOD组织销毁或移除EO危害、是否发生意外爆炸、是否造成伤亡、伤亡人数。
指南指出，土地释放方法不适用于大规模城市或近城市地区的废弃物清理，因为它会减缓关键早期恢复工作。

DEBRIS AND EXPLOSIVEORDNANCE - A GUIDE 2026 Copyright © UNDP 2026. All rights reserved.Copyright © UNDP 2026. All rights reserved. One United Nations Plaza, NEW YORK, NY10017, USAOne United Nations Plaza, NEW YORK, NY10017, USA UNDP is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality, and climateUNDP is the leading United Nations organization fighting to end the injustice of poverty, inequality, and climatechange. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build inte-change. Working with our broad network of experts and partners in 170 countries, we help nations to build inte-grated, lasting solutions for people and planet.grated, lasting solutions for people and planet. Learn more at undp.org or follow @UNDPLearn more at undp.org or follow @UNDP The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of theThe views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of theUnited Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States.United Nations, including UNDP, or the UN Member States. Front cover:Front cover:Photo © UNDP UkrainePhoto © UNDP Ukraine Foreword This document has been developed by the United Nations Development Programme’s Crisis Bureau. Thepurpose of this guide is to give an overview of the problem of debris contaminated by explosive ordnance(EO), and the means by which the associated risks can be managed. The guide refrains from going into deeptechnical detail but instead is designed to enable a range of readers to understand the problem and theprocesses that can address it. It is hoped that those from a debris background should be able to gain someincreased understanding of the EO management, and those from an EO disposal background be able to gainincreased understanding of the debris management. It is recommended that organizations managing debriscontaminated with EO always engage professional support at the earliest opportunity and integrate it fully intoall planning and operational design. Acknowledgements The authors, Roland Evans and Martin Bjerregaard, would like to thank the following UNDP staff for theirsupport: Steinar Essen, Iman Husseini, Benjamin Lark, Gahyun Lee, Sean Moorhouse, Patrick Nicholson, andStephen Robinson. Executive Summary........................................................................................................................................... 7 2. Debris Management – An Overview................................................................................................122.1 Typical Debris Management Process............................................................................................................132.1.1 Selection of Sites for Debris Removal...................................................................................................132.1.2 Site Assessment for Access and Safety..............................................................................................142.1.3 Removal of Hazardous Wastes and Materials...................................................................................142.1.4 Demolition of Damaged Buildings.........................................................................................................142.1.5 Debris Sorting and Removal................................................................................................................... 152.1.6 Transport of Debris.................................................................................................................................... 162.1.7 Debris Recycling......................................................................................................................................... 162.1.8 Debris Disposal............................................................................................................................................172.2 Key Elements of Debris Management..........................................................................................................172.2.1 Non-Explosive Hazards.............................................................................................................................172.2.2 Human Remains........................................................................................................................................ 182.2.3 Plant Machinery and Other Equipment Required........................................................................... 182.2.4 Manual Labour........................................................................................................................................... 182.2.5 Locating Debris Recycling Sites.......................................................................................................... 182.2.6 Community Engagement..................................................................

点击免费查看完整报告