你在想什么？脑机接口：下一个人机交互前沿

Brain-computer interfaces:The next human-machine frontier “Dreams feelreal whilewe’re in them.It’s only whenIt’s only whenwe wake upwe wake upthat we realizethat we realizesomethingsomethingwas actuallywas actuallystrange.strange.” WHAT’S ON YOUR MIND? Brain-computer interfaces:The next human-machine frontier Authors Zoe Huczok,Project Leader of Blue Shift, Arthur D. LittleDr. Albert Meige,Director of Blue Shift, Arthur D. LittleDr. Brendan Allison,Visiting Scholar, Cognitive ScienceDepartment, University of California, San DiegoCoralie Harmache,Consultant, Arthur D. Little ContributorRick Eagar,Partner Emeritus, Arthur D. Little Artist-in-residenceFrédéric Duriez Executive summary6Preamble12Chapter 1. What are BCIs& how do they work?16Chapter 2. What are the applications?26Interlude 1: BCI concrete stories36Chapter 3. Where are we today?40Interlude 2: BCI myth busting48Chapter 4. Who is behind BCIs?52Chapter 5. Positioning for the future62Postscript: Human augmentation -from BCI to LSD72 Executivesummary Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are redefining the relationshipbetween humans and machines. Once a subject of science fiction,they now enable direct communication between the brain andtechnology. This Arthur D. Little (ADL) Blue Shift report exploresthe capabilities and applications of BCIs, highlights the key playersdriving innovations, and examines the uncertainties shaping thefuture. Additionally, it provides insights to help organizationsprepare for the transformative impact of the technology on theirindustries. This report is based on a five-month Blue Shift study,incorporating the results of a survey covering over 40 respondents,including experts in BCI research. WHAT ARE BCIs & HOW DO THEY WORK? Chapter 1: BCIs are systems that directly measure brain activityand convert this into useful functional outputs that can replace,restore, enhance, supplement, and/or improve the brain’s normaloutputs.This enables individual humans to perform things theyotherwise could not achieve. BCIs can either be invasive (recordingfrom inside the skull via implants requiring medical intervention) ornoninvasive (recording outside the skull using external sensors). AnyBCI has the same basic core functions, including signal acquisition,processing, and actuation. The actuation function sends commandsto a peripheral (e.g., a prosthetic limb), and/or to another system(e.g., a game), and/or displays information for the user or a third party(e.g., a doctor). WHAT ARE THE APPLICATIONS? Chapter 2: The main existing and emerging applicationsfor BCIs today are in healthcare, defense, and gaming:- Healthcare— to restore lost functions and enhanceneurological health-Defense— to enhance cognitive performance, communication,and decision-making in high-stress environments-Gaming— to control gameplay directly via the brain and todeepen the immersion experience Outside these specific sectors, BCIs also have more generalapplications in the workplace to enhance natural skills to reachmedian or higher levels of performance. These include checkingfor alertness/stress/wellness/errors and intervening in real time,improving motor skills and focus/concentration, and identifyingsubtle behavior indicators for staff assessment and assignment.However, these general workplace applications are less matureandnot yet deployed at scale. In general, BCI applications remain costly; hence, they tend tobe attractive compared to alternatives when the user is severelydisabled or when the context is demanding or dangerous and otheroptions such as robotics and AI are not reliable. To help categorize emerging and future BCI applications, it isuseful to map applications along two dimensions: (1)performance(whether the application aims to restore performance to a medianor augment performance to new levels) and (2)skills basis(whetherthe application aims to mimic natural processes or provide new/artificial processes). Technologicalprogress isuneven acrossBCI components. WHERE ARE WE TODAY? Chapter 3: The field of BCI has been driven primarily by medicine,defense, and gaming, with advancements in each sector shapingthe technology’s evolution.While gaming, communication, andbrain mapping are considered the most mature applications, BCIremains a non-mature technology overall, according to our expertsurvey. Technological progress is uneven across BCI components.Sensor performance, the most critical enabler, has doubledapproximately every seven years, yet remains far from recording asignificant fraction of brain activity. Progress in signal processing,ergonomics, and interface design also plays a vital role. BCIdevelopment has followed distinct trajectories across industries,with medical breakthroughs often stemming from defense-funded research, and gaming advancing independently. We canexpect future growth at the intersection of stimulation (therapyand wellness) and control (device operation, gaming, and militaryapplications), though the pace of prog