娱乐与韧性：当公园承担双重责任时（英）

Emma DeAngeli and Margaret Walls About the Authors Emma DeAngeliis a research associate at Resources for the Future (RFF). Sheearned her Master of Environmental Management degree with a specialization inEnvironmental Economics and Policy from Duke University in 2022, focusing onclimate change policy. Her current research pertains to flood risk and resilience, energyaffordability, and transportation. Margaret Wallsis a senior fellow and director of the Climate Risks and ResilienceProgram, as well as cohost of RFF’s podcast,Resources Radio. Walls’s researchfocuses on the impacts of extreme weather, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires on peopleand communities and the design of programs and policies to equitably enhanceresilience to such events. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Resources for the Future using Federal funds underaward NA23NOS4780282 from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,US Department of Commerce. The statements, findings, conclusions, andrecommendations are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration or the US Department ofCommerce. The authors appreciate helpful conversations about stormwater parks withGideon Berger of City Parks Alliance, Gaylan Williams and Tamara Graham from thecity of Atlanta, Melissa Meyer and Trent Rondot from Harris County and the HoustonParks Board, respectively, and Michael Kirschman from the City of Virginia Beach. Theauthors appreciate feedback from Nicole Carlozo, Andre De Souza De Lima, CelsoFerreira, Joseph Galarraga, Elizabeth Van Dolah, and Diana Veronez. About RFF Resources for the Future (RFF) is an independent, nonprofit research institution inWashington, DC. Its mission is to improve environmental, energy, and natural resourcedecisions through impartial economic research and policy engagement. RFF iscommitted to being the most widely trusted source of research insights and policysolutions leading to a healthy environment and a thriving economy. The views expressed here are those of the individual authors and may differ from thoseof other RFF experts, its officers, or its directors. Sharing Our Work Our work is available for sharing and adaptation under an Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license. Youcan copy and redistribute our material in any medium or format; you must giveappropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made,and you may not apply additional restrictions. You may do so in any reasonablemanner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.You may not use the material for commercial purposes. If you remix, transform, orbuild upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. For moreinformation, visithttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. Abstract Extreme precipitation events are increasing in many areas of the United States,leading to a growing number of damaging flood events. Nature-based solutions (NBS),which use natural features or processes to absorb and redirect floodwaters awayfrom developed areas, are often seen as environmentally friendly alternatives to hardinfrastructure for flood protection, such as levees and seawalls. Some NBS are small-scale, but stormwater parks are often several acres in size and provide importantcommunity co-benefits in the form of outdoor recreation. In this report, we describethe double-duty performed by stormwater parks in three cities in the United States,Atlanta, Houston, and Virginia Beach. We explain how the cities overcame five majorchallenges to successfully design, construct, and finance the parks. We then discussthe special challenges that small towns face in developing solutions to floodingproblems and describe the situation in two Maryland towns where valuable communityparks are flooding hot spots. Contents 1. Introduction1 2. Atlanta’s Rodney Cook Sr. Park2 3. Houston’s Inwood Detention Basin3 4. Virginia Beach’s Bow Creek Stormwater Park5 5. Overcoming Challenges: Five Factors for Success in Atlanta, Houston, andVirginia Beach 5.1. Securing Funding65.2. Facilitating Interdepartmental Collaboration75.3. Aligning Projects under a City- or Watershed-Wide Strategy85.4. Employing the Right Experts for Design and Maintenance85.5. Ensuring Community Recreation and Economic Development Benefits8 6. Can Parks Perform Double Duty in Small Towns? 6.1. Financial Resources96.2. Staffing106.3. Watershed-Wide Resilience Strategy106.4. Case Studies: Flooding and Sea Level Rise in Maryland Eastern ShoreCommunities10 7. Conclusion 14 References15 1. Introduction Weather extremes are increasing in many areas of the United States, leading to agrowing number of catastrophic flood events. In coastal communities, the problems areparticularly serious as sea level rise poses an added threat, exacerbating both routinehigh-tide flooding and flooding from hurricane stor