估算不丹暴力侵害妇女行为的经济成本（英）

Changa Dorji, Nidup Tshering, and Ketevan Chkheidze ADB SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWORKING PAPER SERIES ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series Estimating the Economic Costs of ViolenceAgainst Women in Bhutan Changa Dorji is an independent development consultantand researcher based in Bhutan, pursuing evidence-basedpolicy and social change. Changa Dorji, Nidup Tshering,and Ketevan Chkheidze No. 118 | April 2026 Nidup Tshering is a senior safeguards specialist (social)in Policy and Technical Services within the Office ofSafeguards at the Asian Development Bank. Ketevan Chkheidze is a gender specialist in the GenderEquality Division of the Climate Change and SustainableDevelopment Department at the Asian DevelopmentBank, with experience across South Asia, East Asia, andCentral and West Asia. TheADB Sustainable Development WorkingPaper Seriespresents data from ongoingresearch to encourage exchange of ideasand elicit comment and feedback aboutdevelopment issues in Asia and the Pacific.The views expressed are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of ADB or its Board of Governorsor the governments they represent. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2026 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2026. ISSN 2789-0619 (print), 2789-0627 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS260127-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS260127-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. TheADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Seriespresents data, information, and/or findings from ongoingresearch and studies to encourage exchange of ideas and elicit comment and feedback about development issuesin Asia and the Pacific. Since papers in this series are intended for quick and easy dissemination, the content may ormay not be fully edited and may later be modified for final publication. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. CONTENTS TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXESiv ACKNOWLEDGMENTSv ABSTRACTvi vii ABBREVIATIONS I.INTRODUCTION1 II.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY3 III.APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY FOR ESTIMATING THE ECONOMIC COSTS4OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN BHUTAN Model for Measuring the Costs of Violence4Collecting Qualitative Data6Analyzing Secondary Data6Limitations of the Study7 IV.PREVALENCE OF VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS IN BHUTAN Estimating the Number of Women and Girls Experiencing Violence14Services, Resources, and Cost of Services15Case Referrals17Cost of Violence Against Women and Girls18 VI.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS21 APPENDIXES24 1Glossary of Key Terms242Data on Estimated Incidence of Violence by Type and Estimated Economic Costs25 TABLES, FIGURES, AND BOXES TABLES 1Estimated Population and Survivors by Their Partnership Status, 2020142Estimated Number of Referral Cases Between Different18Gender-Based Violence Service ProvidersA2.1Estimated Incidence of Violence by Types and Number of Survivors Seeking Support25(Extrapolated to National Level), 2022A2.2Estimated Economic Cost of Violence Against Women and Girls, 202226 FIGURES 1Approaches to Measuring Cost of Violence52Lifetime and Current Prevalence of Partner Violence