约翰内斯堡和埃克胡莱尼的城市高温：影响和缓解方案（英）2026

URBAN HEAT INJOHANNESBURGAND EKURHULENIPublic Disclosure Authorized Impacts and Mitigation Options URBAN HEATINJOHANNESBURGAND EKURHULENI::::::::: Impacts and Mitigation Options © 2023 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 | Internet:www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work donot necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent.The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in this work and does not assume responsibility forany errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, orconclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on thepart of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all ofwhich are specifically reserved. RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced,in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group,1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. DESIGN, ILLUSTRATIONS, COVER DESIGN Estudio Relativo |www.estudiorelativo.com TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORDIVACKNOWLEDGEMENTSVIEXECUTIVE SUMMARYVII• CHAPTERINTRODUCTION11. 2.1.CITY NEIGHBOURHOODS FACE SHARP DISPARITIES IN HEAT INTENSITY52.2.URBAN HEAT WILL INCREASE SUBSTANTIALLY BY 205092.3.LOW-COST DWELLINGS WILL FACE EXTREME TEMPERATURES112.4.VEGETATION AND COOL BUILDINGS MITIGATE EXCESSIVE HEAT13 CHAPTER3. EXPOSURE, VULNERABILITY, AND IMPACTS19 3.1.POOR RESIDENTS ARE DISPROPORTIONATELY EXPOSED TO EXTREME HEAT193.2.INTENSIFYING URBAN HEAT PRESENTS NEGATIVE HEALTH IMPACTS223.3.REDUCED LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY WILL AFFECT THE ECONOMY253.4.INCREASED HEAT WILL STRAIN INFRASTRUCTURE (INCLUDING ENERGY DEMAND)27 CHAPTER4. HEAT IN CITY CLIMATE STRATEGIES29 CHAPTERRECOMMENDED ACTIONS325.5.1.STRATEGIC URBAN GREENING IN UNDER-PROVISIONED AREAS335.2.HEAT-HEALTH WARNING AND AWARENESS355.3.COOLING STRATEGIES FOR LOW-COST DWELLINGS385.4.COMMUNITY COOL SPACES (SHELTERS)405.5.PROTECTING INDOOR AND OUTDOOR PUBLIC SPACES FROM EXCESSIVE HEAT425.6.URBAN VEGETABLE GARDENS (AGRO-FORESTRY)445.7.PROTECT WORKERS AND ENSURE LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY465.8.MINIMIZE ENERGY NEEDS FOR COOLING505.9.MAINSTREAM HEAT MITIGATION ACROSS CITY STRATEGIES51 FOREWORD Historical temperature trends in Johannesburg have shown clear signs of increase.There are indications as well that extreme temperatures are on the increase. Thissuggests possibilities of heatwaves and/or warm spells. Potentially this has severehealth impacts for the City’s residents, particularly the poor, those with low adaptivecapacity, the elderly and those living with pre-existing medical conditions. The City’s adaptation plan review process highlighted the need for the City toprioritize development of a heat plan. Furthermore, under the Climate ActionPlan (CAP), Goal focusing on “A Climate Resilient City by 2050”, under the theme-Healthy Communities” has a specific action area, with a focus on the protection ofcommunities from heat-related health effects. This will be done through provisionof cooling areas during periods of excessive heat. These cooling areas will beachieved by creating a network of cool shelters, to protect community health andcare for vulnerable groups. Moreover, rising temperatures can increase the risk oftransmission of vector-borne and other diseases, for which supervision and controlprotocols will need to be established. The urban heat assessment study undertaken, is important to the City as it will helpenhance the City’s plans towards providing communities with relief during periodsof excessive heat. The assessment has been useful in coming up with suggested heatstress response actions to help the City in the acceleration of the implementation ofthe following heat-related actions: •Awareness raising campaigns to educate citizens on how to remain cool duringextreme heat days;•Development of more green spaces to reduce heat; and•Understanding of heat-related mortality and morbidity. The measures suggested in the heat assessment report are however not exhaustive,which then opens the City to investigatin