稀土元素：实现安全与多元化供应链之路

Rare Earth Elements Pathways to secure and diversifiedsupply chains INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCY The IEA examines the fullspectrumof energy issuesincluding oil, gas andcoal supply anddemand, renewableenergy technologies,electricity markets,energy efficiency,access to energy,demand sidemanagement and muchmore. Through its work,the IEA advocatespolicies that will enhancethe reliability,affordability andsustainability of energyin its32Member countries,13Association countriesand beyond. IEAAssociationcountries: IEAMembercountries: ArgentinaChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraineViet Nam AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIrelandItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSpainSwedenSwitzerlandRepublic of TürkiyeUnited KingdomUnited States This publication and any mapincluded herein are withoutprejudice to the status of orsovereignty over any territory,to the delimitation ofinternational frontiers andboundaries and to the nameof any territory, city or area. The EuropeanCommission alsoparticipates in thework of the IEA Source: IEA.International Energy AgencyWebsite: www.iea.org Abstract The critical role of rare earth elements in strategic applications, ranging fromenergytechnologies and advanced electronics to aerospace and defencesystems, combined with their highly concentrated supply chains, has elevatedtheir importance in both energy and broader economic security discussions inrecent years. This report assesses the current state of the rare earth elementsmarket,examining demand and supply dynamics and key technologicaldevelopments. It analyses the full value chain from mining to permanent magnetproduction, evaluates vulnerabilities across supply chains, and highlights theimplications of potential supply disruptions. Based on these analyses, the reportoutlines eight targeted policy recommendations that can pave the way for moresecure, diversified and resilient rare earth element supply chains. Theanalysis is founded on the work of the IEA Critical Minerals SecurityProgramme and aims to inform the discussions at the G7 meetings under theFrench Presidency in 2026. Acknowledgements, contributorsand credits This report was prepared by the Critical Minerals Division in the Office of the ChiefEnergy Economist, in cooperation with other directorates of the InternationalEnergy Agency (IEA).Tae-Yoon Kim, Head of the Critical Minerals Division,directed the report together withTim Gould, Chief Energy Economist.AmritaDasguptaled the analysis and production of the report and was one of theprincipal authors. The principal authors from across the agency were:Eric Buisson(projectpipeline, recycling, price transparency),Shobhan Dhir(export controls, economicimpact,ecosystem),Alexandra Hegarty(investment and financing,pricetransparency),Kentaro Miwa(investment and financing),Nicolas Moinier(market overview, project pipeline),Mari Nishiumi(economic impact, innovation,recycling),Joyce Raboca(market overview,policy tracking,environmentalimpact).Alessio Scanziani(export controls,economic impact,emergencyresponse) andSungmin Seo(market overview, innovation). Davina Till and Eleni Tsoukala provided essential support. Erin Crum edited themanuscript. The report also benefited from valuable contributions and inputsprovided by IEA colleagues, in particular, Laura Cozzi, K.C. Michaels, FélixGagnon and Ryszard Pospiech. Thanks also to Jethro Mullen, Curtis Brainard,Lee Bailey, Astrid Dumond, Zachary Egan, Merve Erdil, Liv Gaunt, Grace Gordon,Julia Horowitz, Oliver Joy and Rob Stone of the Communications and DigitalOffice.Andrea Pronzati and Wonjik Yang provided essential assistance oninfographic. This analysis has been supported by the Clean Energy Transitions Programme,the IEA’s flagship initiative to transform the world’s energy system to achieve asecure and sustainable future for all. The work also benefited from the financialsupport provided by Japan (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, and Ministryof Foreign Affairs) and Korea (Ministry of Foreign Affairs). Thanks also go to theIEA Working Party on Critical Minerals, the IEA Critical Minerals Expert AdvisoryGroup, and the French G7 Presidency for their valuable input to the report. Many experts from outside the IEA provided essential input and/or reviewedpreliminary drafts of the report. Their comments and suggestions were of greatvalue. They include:Siyamend Al Barazi (BGR Germany), David Anonychuk(SGS), Clint Cox (The Anchor House), Jamie Crowe (Department of Industry,Science and Resources of Australia), Alexandre Damiens (Orano), Sylvain Eckert (InfraVia),Rod Eggert(Colorado School of Mines),Benjamin Gallezot(Interministerial Delegation for Strategic Minerals and Metals Supply of France),Milan Grohol (European Commission), Peter Handley (PHASE 32), TakeshiHarada (Japan Organisation for Metals and Energy Secu