新兴的快速支付功能：近场通信(NFC)和线下支付

MARCH 2026 FINANCIAL SERVICES SECTORPayment Systems Development Group © 2026 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000 This volume is a product of the staff of the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, andconclusions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Theboundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do RIGHTS AND PERMISSIONS The material in this publication is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages disseminationof their knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long Contents 1. Setting the Context03 2. Background 2.1 NFC and Offline Payments2.1.1 Overview of NFC Payments2.1.2 Overview of Offline Payments2.1.3 The Relationship between NFC and Offline Payments 3.Deep Dive into the Extended Capabilities of FPS 3.1 NFC3.1.1 FPS Capabilities and Considerations for Implementing NFC3.1.2 Potential NFC Use Cases3.1.2.1NFC Payer-Initiated Payment3.1.2.2NFC Payee-Initiated Payment 3.2 Offline Payments3.2.1 FPS Capabilities and Considerations for Implementing OfflinePayments3.2.2 Potential Use Cases 3.3 Risks, Scheme Rules, and Regulatory and Policy Considerations 3.3.1 Overview223.3.2 Fraud and Cybersecurity Risks223.3.3 Double Spending and Exposure Risk233.3.4 Data Integrity, Synchronization, and Record Accuracy233.3.5 Merchant- and Acceptance-Side Risk23 3.3.6 Liability Allocation and Legal Certainty3.3.7 Consumer Protection and Transparency3.3.8 Privacy and Data Protection3.3.9 Incident Reporting and Supervisory Monitoring3.3.10 Scheme Rules and Operational Governance3.3.11 Licensing, Certification, and Technical Standards 4. Conclusions Acknowledgements Setting theContext The World Bank has been closely monitoring the development of fastpayment systems (FPS) by central banks and private players acrosstheglobe.This comprehensive study has resulted in a toolkit Work on the FPS Toolkit was supported by Gates Foundation. Thetoolkit can be found at fastpayments.worldbank.org and consists of •The main report,Considerations and Lessons for theDevelopment and Implementation of Fast Payment Systems• Case studies of countries that have already implemented fast This note is part of the third component of the toolkit and aims toprovideinputonnear-fieldcommunication(NFC)andoffline-payment FPS capabilities. These services and capabilities arebecoming increasingly important in FPS implementations, as they Background 2.1.NFC and Offline Payments offlineexperiences,it is not necessary for offlinefunctionalityandnot allNFCinteractions are NFC(near-field communication)technology andoffline payments are well known to today’s customers,as debit or credit card schemes use them in everydaylife(that is,NFC tap-and-pay and offline transit 2.1.1. Overview of NFC Payments NFC constitute a set of international standards thatwasdevelopedjointlybytheInternationalOrganizationforStandardization/InternationalElectrotechnical Commission and Ecma and is alignedwith additional specifications from the NFC Forum.Thiscombination allows NFC to be consistentlyimplementedin smartphones,payment terminals,transitsystems,and identity documents worldwidewhileremaining interoperable across vendors andjurisdictions. NFC technology was introduced in the NFCpayments offer a new channel for quick,contactless payment, making card transactions faster Offline payment solutions enable users to completetransactionsin milliseconds,even without internetaccess, addressing a critical need in use cases that Withthe introduction of FPS,NFC and offlinepayments were seen as important drivers for adoption,filling the competitive gap that still stands betweenfast payments and traditional card-based payments in Additionally, NFC is designed with security in mind.For small payment amounts, transactions typically donotrequire a PIN,streamlining the process even strongcustomer authentication(SCA)mechanisms,NFC payments without PINs were extended to any evolution of technology then caused Minipay to close Theadvent of NFC technology has rekindled thenecessity for offline payments in scenarios such aspublic transportation, where transactions must occurin milliseconds, or when the POI is not always online.With offline payments, the transaction is completed NFC's relevance for FPS results from its seamless andquick transaction experience. The simplicity of tappinga payment terminal with an NFC-enabled device toinitiate a fast payment reduces the friction associated It is important to note that if NFC-enabled paymentterminalsand user devices are not prevalent in aregion, using NFC cards or tags should be considered Sincethereisnoreal-timeauthorization,theavailability of funds on the payer’s account cannot bechecked. To mitigate t