海藻促进发展：包容性增长的贸易、法规和标准

Trade, regulations and standards forinclusive growth The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors anddo not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do notimply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerningthe legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning thedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of any firm or licensed process does not imply the endorsement of the UnitedNations. This publication has not been formally edited. Acknowledgements This study was prepared, under the supervision and guidance of Chantal Line Carpentier of theDivision on International Trade and Commodities of UNCTAD, by a study team led by DavidVivas-Eugui and Henrique Pacini, with substantive contributions from Ludovic Arnaud, as wellas Yossra Larhlimi (UNCTAD intern). UNCTAD gratefully acknowledges the substantive contributions of Mirko Dunner and ElizabethDewar and the valuable inputs of Maria Durleva, Glen Wilson and Lorenzo Formenti. UNCTAD also expresses its appreciation to the following experts for the comments andideas contributed: Atiq Zaman (Curtin University), Mélanie Cueff and Philippe Potin (FrenchNational Centre for Scientific Research, CNRS), Nichola Dyer (Global Seaweed Coalition, GSC),Alessandro Lovatelli, Marcio Castro de Souza, Shirlene Anthonysamy, Bhakti Anand and HasanAbdullayev (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO), Nima Bahramalianand Sudari Pawiro (United Nations Industrial Development Organization, UNIDO), Linda Jonsson(United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP), Saloni Sharma (Global Organization for PHA,Go!PHA), Craig Updyke (ASTM International) and Peter Schelstraete (Ubuntoo). The study also benefited from interviews with Vincent Doumeizel (United Nations GlobalCompact), Flower Msuya (Zanzibar Seaweed Cluster Initiative, ZaSCI), Hamil Soud (C-weedMwani), Narriman Jiddawi and Arthur Tuda (Western Indian Ocean Marine Science Association,WIOMSA), Alejandra Allendes (Quelp), Helena Abreu (International Seaweed Association, ISA),Emma Algotsson (Catchgreen), Margarida Eustáquio (PROALGA) and Devparna Archaya andNeha Jain (Zerocircle), and inputs from Maris Stulgis (DG MARE, European Commission) andHélène Marfaing (Centre d’Etude et de Valorisation des Algues). This study is a contribution to the United Nations Global Seaweed Initiative (UNGSI), supportingits work to strengthen the evidence base and inform global efforts on sustainable and inclusiveseaweed governance. It was developed through the cooperation between the Ocean Economyand Fisheries Programme and the Sustainable Manufacturing and Environmental Pollution(SMEP) Programme of UNCTAD. UNCTAD is grateful for the support of France and of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in producing this study. Desktop formatting was undertaken by Lia Tostes. Seaweed for developmentTrade, regulations and standards for inclusive growth Acronyms ASEANAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsAfCFTAAfrican Continental Free Trade AreaASC-MSCAquaculture Stewardship Council and Marine Stewardship CouncilEDBWTO's Environmental DatabaseFAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsGAqPgood aquaculture practicesGSTPGlobal System of Trade PreferencesHACCPhazard analysis and critical control pointsHSharmonized systemISOInternational Organization for StandardizationJASJapanese Agricultural StandardsLDCsleast developed countriesMSMEsmicro, small and medium enterprisesNTMsnon-tariff measuresSDGsSustainable Development GoalsSIDSSmall Island Developing StatesSPSsanitary and phytosanitary measuresTBTtechnical barriers to tradeTRAINSTrade Analysis Information System (UNCTAD)UNCTADUnited Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention for Climate ChangeUNGSIUnited Nations Global Seaweed InitiativeWTOWorld Trade Organization Table of contents Executive summary...........................................................................1 Chapter I Why seaweed matters:the case for scaling up sustainableproduction and trade........................................................................7 Background and context...................................................................9Objectives.....................................................................................12 Chapter II Methodology:mapping trade amid fragmented data...................14 Data sources...................................................................................17Classification...................................................................................18 Chapter III Seaweed production and trade are rising,but remainconcentrated and limited...............................................................20 Global produc