英国工业的形态：十年转型

CONTENTS 1. A look back at the industrial landscape52. Market landscape & operating environment73. Strategic priorities: 2010 vs 202694. Investing in UK manufacturing’s future125. Workforce, skills & labour market146. The changing landscape of supply chains & trade177. Harnessing AI for industrial competitiveness198. The net zero transition229. Clearing the path to growth2510. Delivery in the decade ahead28About Make UK30 Foreword Manufacturing has been central to the UK’s economic strength for morethan a century, and as Make UK marks its 130th year, the sector findsitself at another pivotal moment. Founded in the Glasgow shipyards andshaped by generations of engineers, innovators and employers, ourorganisation has always existed to champion the makers of this country.That mission remains unchanged, and is more vital than ever. This report,The Shape of British Industry, reflects asector that has evolved dramatically over the last decade.Manufacturers have faced profound geopolitical, economicand technological shifts, yet have responded with resilience,agility and ambition. Companies are investing at pacein digital technologies; AI and advanced automation;modernising factories; strengthening supply chains; andbuilding the capabilities needed to remain competitive in anincreasingly demanding global environment. At the sametime, long standing challenges, such as skills shortages,high energy costs, and inconsistent regulatory and taxframeworks, continue to constrain the UK’s competitivenessand limit the scale of investment our country should beattracting. innovate and ready to lead the transition to a more digital,more sustainable and more productive economy. But theyneed a policy environment that matches their ambition. Our history has shown that when the UK backs its makers,they deliver, from breakthrough technologies to world classexports and high value jobs in every region of the country.Looking ahead, manufacturing has a central role to play inbuilding a stronger, more secure and more resilient economy.We hope this report provides a clear foundation for thatpartnership between industry and Government, and a sharedunderstanding of what is required to unlock the full potentialof British manufacturing. The global context has changed fundamentally. The relativestability of recent decades has given way to a more complex,more contested world in which economic security andindustrial strength are increasingly inseparable. For the UK,this presents both challenge and opportunity. To thrive,we must build a more resilient industrial base, strengthenstrategic supply chains, and foster the conditions forworld leading innovation. Above all, this requires delivery:consistent, long term policy that endures beyond politicalcycles and gives businesses the confidence to invest. Stephen Phipson CBE,CEO, Make UK Lord Harrington of Watford,Chair, Make UK The findings in this report underline the priorities sharedacross UK manufacturing: a skills system aligned toadvanced industry; competitive and predictable energycosts; a modern, streamlined regulatory environment; andthe delivery of an industrial strategy that provides clarityand direction. Manufacturers are ready to invest, ready to key data of manufacturers rely on the“Made in Britain” brand to drivecustomers andcompetitiveness Half ofmanufacturerssay the UK business environmentis good or very good say strongcommunicationwith customers andsuppliers is criticalto futuregrowth Nearly halfbelieve the UK ismore competitive thanthe US and Germany Two thirds list improvingproductivity as theirnumber one priority sayraw materialavailability and cost willbe key to future growth A third say that their biggest barrierto growth is skills andworkforce gaps plan to invest in digital technologies in the next five years, overtakingplant & machinery supply most oftheir productsdirectlyto OEMs of manufacturersgenerate at leastsome turnover fromexports believe widespread AIadoption will increase theUK’s competitiveedge see increasedcybersecurity risks asthe top disadvantage ofAI adoption expect AI toincreaseproductivity say achievingNet Zerowould be beneficialto their operations believe the UK’sNet Zero targetsare achievable fortheir business But 66%reportNet Zero will addsignificant cost CHAPTER 1.A look back at theindustrial landscape for roughly a third of output in the early 1950s and nearly30% of employment through the 1950s.4 1800-1913: Industrial Revolution and massindustrialisation Britain became the world’s leading industrial economyduring the 19th century, driven by mechanised textiles,steam power, iron and steel, machine tools and railways.Manufacturing employment expanded and the sector grewsteadily, supporting rapid urbanisation and global trade. Bythe early 20th century, however, competition from the UnitedStates and Germany had eroded Britain’s early dominance,especially in heavy industries such as iron and steel.1,2 From the late 1960s onwar