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IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Solutionsfor Better Agri-RiskManagement IN THE EUROPEAN UNION March 2026 © International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433Telephone: +1-202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the viewsof the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent, or those of theEuropean Union (EU). The World Bank and EU do not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency ofthe data included in this work and do not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepanciesin the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, pro-cesses, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown onany map in this work do not imply any judgement on the part of the World Bank and EU concerning thelegal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered a limitation on or waiver of the privilegesand immunities of the World Bank, or the European Union for which privileges and immunities are specif-ically reserved. Rights and Permissions:The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank andthe European Union encourage dissemination of their knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in wholeor in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution.Please cite this work as follows: World Bank. 2026. Solutions for Better Agri-Risk Managementin the European Union. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group. Translations.If you create a translation of this work, please add the following disclaimer along with theattribution: This translation was not created by The World Bank and should not be considered as official. Third-party content.The World Bank does not necessarily own each component of the content containedwithin the work. The World Bank therefore does not warrant that the use of any third-party-owned indi-vidual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. Therisk of claims resulting from such infringements rests solely with you. If you wish to reuse a component ofthe work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtainpermission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables,figures, or images. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World BankPublications, the World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625;e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Contents Abbreviations and Acronyms8Acknowledgements9 Executive Summary10 1Rising Agri-Food Risks in Europe and Around the World15 2Making Sense ofEurope’s Agricultural(Risk) Diversity19 3Europe’s Agri-Risk Management Tools and Their Uptake24Agri-Risk Management Instruments in the Common Agricultural Policy24General Drivers Behind Agricultural Risk Management Uptake29 4A Deeper Look at Agri-Risk Management in Five Countries39Bulgaria39France48Italy56Latvia69Slovakia76 5Agri-Risk Solutions for the Future85 References95 APPENDIX 1Additional data and tables used in the econometric analysis98APPENDIX 2Econometric analysis methodology and detailed findings99APPENDIX 3Supranational risk transfer mechanisms103APPENDIX 4Actuarial analysis methodology107 Boxes BOX 1Global examples of tension between ex-ante and ex-post risk management measures29BOX 2Regional pools for catastrophic risks33BOX 3When insurable becomes uninsurable. Perspectives from Morocco and Greece.35BOX 4ARM tools in Italy supported by EU and national funding60BOX 5AGRICAT compensation modalities65BOX 6Strengths and weaknesses of the Italian public-private agricultural risk managementsystem66BOX 7The Blueprint of the World Bank Agricultural Sector Risk Assessment Framework91BOX 8Global examples of public or public-private risk management services to farmers93BOX A.1Key concepts used in the actuarial analysis107 Figures FIGURE 1Map of the Five Country Clusters, Based on Risks and Structural Features22FIGURE 2Distribution of EU-funded emergency payments by main crisis event27FIGURE 3Evolution of real and nominal value added in Bulgarian primary agriculturalproduction and food processing,40FIGURE 4Composition of Bulgarian agricultural output, using the Economic Accountsfor Agriculture41FIGURE 5Failed areas in Bulgaria due to natural hazards, by key crops, hectares, 2014-202442FIGURE 6Composition of French agricultural output, using the Economic Accountsfor Agriculture48FIGURE 7Evolution of real and nominal value added in French primary agriculturalproduction and food processing49FIGURE 8Evolution of financial support for the