通过社会保护加强能源弹性：印度Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana的案例研究

A CASE STUDY OF THE PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANAIN INDIA Kanupriya Gupta, Charmi Mehta, and Priyanka Roy ADB SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTWORKING PAPER SERIES ADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Series Strengthening Energy Resilience Through Social Protection:A Case Study of the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana in India Kanupriya Gupta is a senior economist with the SectorsGroup–Public Sector Management and GovernanceSector, Asian Development Bank (ADB). Kanupriya Gupta, Charmi Mehta,and Priyanka Roy No. 116 | January 2026 Charmi Mehta is a consultant (economist) at ADB. Priyanka Roy is a director for Monitoring, Learning, andEvaluation, at Evidence Action (India). TheADB Sustainable Development WorkingPaper Seriespresents data from ongoingresearch to encourage exchange of ideasand elicit comment and feedback aboutdevelopment issues in Asia and the Pacific.The views expressed are those of the authorsand do not necessarily reflect the views andpolicies of ADB or its Board of Governorsor the governments they represent. Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2026 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, PhilippinesTel +63 2 8632 4444; Fax +63 2 8636 2444www.adb.org Some rights reserved. Published in 2026. ISSN 2789-0619 (print), 2789-0627 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS260020-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS260020-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for anyconsequence of their use. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers does not imply that theyare endorsed or recommended by ADB in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisionsand terms of use at https://www.adb.org/terms-use#openaccess. This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it.ADB cannot be held liable for any claims that arise as a result of your use of the material. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to usethe ADB logo. TheADB Sustainable Development Working Paper Seriespresents data, information, and/or findings from ongoingresearch and studies to encourage exchange of ideas and elicit comment and feedback about development issuesin Asia and the Pacific. Since papers in this series are intended for quick and easy dissemination, the content may ormay not be fully edited and may later be modified for final publication. Corrigenda to ADB publications may be found at http://www.adb.org/publications/corrigenda. CONTENTS FIGURES AND TABLES ABSTRACT ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi ABBREVIATIONS I.THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PROTECTION IN ENSURING HOUSEHOLD RESILIENCE1DURING DISASTERS II.CLEAN ENERGY ACCESS AS A CATALYST FOR CLIMATE RESILIENCE2AND SOCIAL EQUITY III.PRADHAN MANTRI UJJWALA YOJANA: A SCALABLE FRAMEWORK3FOR ADAPTIVE SOCIAL PROTECTION IV.STUDY OBJECTIVES5 V.STUDY DESIGN6 Sustained Use of Liquefied Petroleum Gas as Primary Cooking Fuel Remains Limited7Despite Universal AccessEstimating the True Economic Costs and Benefits of Switching to Liquefied Petroleum Gas9 VII.PATHWAYS TO IMPROVE LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS USAGEAS THE PRIMARY COOKING FUEL IN INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS Reimagining Subsidy Support11Transitioning Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana 3.0 Toward a Piped Liquefied Petroleum Gas11Distribution ModelDesigning State-Specific Interventions to Address Regional Challenges12Emphasizing Health Benefits of Liquefied Petroleum Gas13 VIII.CONCLUSION14 APPENDIXES 15 1Doorstep Delivery of Cylinders is Highest in Southern States152Men as Primary Decision-Makers in Household Fuel Choices163Subsidy as the Primary Driver of Scheme Uptake174Health Risks Associated with Non-Liquefied Petroleum Gas Fuel Usage18 FIGURES AND TABLES FIGURES 1Impact of Access to Clean Fuel3A1State-Wise Distribution of Doorstep Delivery of Liquefied Petroleum Gas Cylinders15A2Decision-Making on the Allocation of