改进的流感疫苗：全价值疫苗评估

Improvedinfluenza Improved influenza vaccines: full value vaccine assessment ISBN 978-92-4-011722-8 (electronic version)ISBN 978-92-4-011723-5 (print version) © World Health Organization 2025 Some rights reserved. This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0IGOlicence (CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, you may copy, redistribute and adapt the work for non-commercial purposes, provided thework is appropriately cited, as indicated below. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that WHO endorsesany specific organization, products or services. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. If you adapt the work, then youmust license your work under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If you create a translation of this work,you should add the following disclaimer along with the suggested citation: “This translation was not created by the World Any mediation relating to disputes arising under the licence shall be conducted in accordance with the mediation rules ofthe World Intellectual Property Organization (http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/mediation/rules/). Suggested citation. Improved influenza vaccines: full value vaccine assessment. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2025.Licence: CCBY-NC-SA3.0IGO. Cataloguing-in-Publication (CIP) data. CIP data are available at https://iris.who.int/. Sales, rights and licensing. To purchase WHO publications, see https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders. To submitrequests for commercial use and queries on rights and licensing, see https://www.who.int/copyright. Third-party materials. If you wish to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figuresor images, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission fromthe copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests General disclaimers. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply theexpression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WHO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recom-mended by WHO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO to verify the information contained in this publication. However, thepublished material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for theinterpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO be liable for damages arising from its use. Cover photo:A health worker administers a vaccine, the Lao People’s Democratic Republic © The Partnership for International Vaccine Contents AcknowledgementsAbbreviationsExecutive summary 1.1WHO’s call for improved seasonal influenza vaccines1.2Definition and purpose of a full value of vaccine assessment1.3WHO preferred product characteristics for next-generation influenza vaccines1.4Relationship between the FVIVA and the PPCs 2.The global public health need for improved seasonal influenza vaccines 2.1Disease description2.2Current methods of surveillance, diagnosis, prevention and treatment 3.Target audiences and stakeholder engagement 3.1Target audiences for the FVIVA3.2Overview of the influenza stakeholder ecosystem 4.Development of improved seasonal influenza vaccines andassessment of the pipeline 4.1Biology of the influenza vaccine4.2Existing platforms for seasonal influenza vaccines4.3New technical platforms under consideration4.4Preclinical development: key issues4.5Clinical development and regulatory pathway: key issues4.6Vaccine effectiveness: key issues4.7Vaccine safety: key issues 5.Criteria for country decision-making and attribute preferencesfor improved influenza vaccines 6.1Market overview6.2Key gaps in knowledge or research evidence 7.Health impact and economic analysis of improved seasonal influenza vaccines 7.1Background7.2Modelling approach7.3Estimated impact of different improved vaccines on the global disease burden7.4Cost-effectiveness of different improved influenza vaccines comparedto current vaccines 8.Financing availability and adoption of improved seasonal influenza vaccines 8.1The producer perspective – financial viability analysis8.2The country perspective – global distribution of economic benefit 9.Implementation of the vaccine in low-resource settings 9.1Barriers and enablers to seasonal influenza vaccine access and implications for improved influenza vaccines 10.Summary of findings and recommendations 10.1Summary of findings and recommendations to stakeholders10.2Conclusions References List of tables Table 1.Prefe