印度铁路的效率和竞争力

IMPROVING RAIL EFFICIENCY andSHARE IN INDIA’S FREIGHT TRANSPORT Acknowledgement This study was carried out with the financial support of NITI Aayog, Government of India,and conducted by Bureau of Research on Industry and Economic Fundamentals (BRIEF). Disclaimer Bureau of Research on Industry and Economic Fundamentals (BRIEF) has received the financial assistance underthe Research Scheme of NITI Aayog (RSNA-2018) to prepare this report. While due care has been exercised toprepare this report using the data from various sources, NITI Aayog does not confirm authenticity of the dataand accuracy of the methodology to prepare the report. NITI Aayog shall not be held responsible for findings oropinions expressed in the document. This responsibility completely rests with BRIEF. Acknowledgement We express our sincere gratitude to Niti Aayog for providing Bureau ofResearch on Industry and Economic Fundamentals (BRIEF) the financialassistance under the Research Scheme of NITI Aayog (RSNA-2018) toprepare this report. We sincerely thank the Infrastructure Connectivity team at Niti Aayogfor supporting us ever since we began this research and for proactivelyconnecting us with relevant stakeholders. We would like to specially thank Late Shri S.K. Saha, former Adviser; ShriSudhendu J. Sinha, Adviser; Shri M. Vijayakumar, Joint Adviser and ShriS.M. Khan, Senior Research Officer for sharing with us their insights andproviding us valuable feedback during the course of the research. Contents References107Annexures1 1 11CHAPTER 1:Scope and Overview13Abbreviations7Executive Summary9CHAPTER 2:Background172CHAPTER 3:Approach and Methodology233.1Multi-stakeholder Engagements263.2Data Collection and Compilation273CHAPTER 4:As-Is Assessment294.1Baseline Trends of Movement by Rail304.1.1Freight Volume Forecast364.2Comparative Cost Analysis Road and Rail384.3International benchmarking and best practices444.3.1Logistics Performance Index454.3.2Logistics Cost as a Share of GDP464.4Turning Crisis into an opportunity: Initiatives Taken by IndianRailways during Covid-19484CHAPTER 5:Product Matrix and Sector Specific Case Studies535.1The Product Matrix545.2 Case Study 1:Automobile615.3 Case Study 2:Cement695.4 Case Study 3:Food grains755CHAPTER 6:Challenges and Reforms816.1Challenges in the modal shift to Rail826.1.1Operational Efficiency836.1.2Suboptimal Infrastructure846.1.3Lack of Integrated Connectivity (First Mile and Last Mile)866.2Roadmap for Reforms876.2.1Overall Recommendations to Increase Share of Rail inDomestic Freight916.2.2Sector Specific Reforms996 Executive Summary insightson the current status of railinfrastructureand operations,reasonsfor below-par adoption of railways as amode for freight transport, bottlenecksfacedincargomovementthroughraildue to sub-optimal infrastructure,operational inefficiency, issues faced infirst and last-mile connectivity, the roleof private players, issues faced in multi-modal transport, etc. Indian Railways hasbeen taking several initiatives to addressthe challenges and boost the rail share,suchas the special parcel trains fortransportation of perishable goods andessentials commodities. An efficient supply chain managementrequiresa coordinated and integratedlogistics system. The increased adoptionofrailwaysasamodeforcargomovementiscrucialforimprovingIndia’slogistics services.Currently,themodal mix in terms of freight movementisconsiderably skewed towards roadtransport.The effect is an increasedburden on roads, and therefore, significantcongestion,increasedpollution,andresultantlogistics cost escalations.Atthis juncture, it is important to strengthentherailways for the cost-effective andclean movement of a broad commoditybase. This report comprehensively coversthe current performance of the railways,the various initiatives taken to increasefreight,globalscenario,challengesfaced/gaps to be bridged, perceptionsof stakeholders, and recommendationsto assist the policy establishment in theprocess of exercising necessary reforms. Considerable thrust of the research hasbeen placed on global railway systems,world-class stations, fully integrated railnetwork connecting remote areas, andimprovedsafety standards,focusingonincreasing the share of railways inthemodal mix to meet internationalbenchmarks.The report delves deepinto global best practices and gathersstakeholderviewsonthepossiblemeasures to be undertaken. In severalcountries,Public-PrivatePartnership(PPP)model is widely adopted, wherein varioussegments of the railway operations andinfrastructureare outsourced to theprivate players. For instance, the privatebusinessrents some specific physicalassets, such as rolling stock, which savesthe railway from financing those assetsitself. In 2003, Russia began allowing theprivate sector to rent freight wagons tothe railway, making it profitable through In the context of increasing the share ofrail in domestic freight movement andimproving rail efficiency, this project wasenvisaged to be underta