全民健康保险计划：10个低收入和中等收入国家实施特征的比较分析

and middle-income countries Authors / Martina Bergthaller, Lou Tessier © International Labour Organization 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The user is allowed to reuse, share (copy and redistrib-ute), adapt (remix, transform and build upon the original work) as detailed in the licence. Theuser must clearly credit the ILO as the source of the material and indicate if changes were madeto the original content. Use of the emblem, name and logo of the ILO is not permitted in con-nection with translations, adaptations or other derivative works. Attribution– The user must indicate if changes were made and must cite the work as follows:Bergthaller, M., Tessier, L.Universal Health Insurance Schemes: A comparative analysis of implementa-tion features in 10 low- and middle-income countries. ILO Working Paper 156. Geneva: InternationalLabour Office, 2025.© ILO. Translations– In case of a translation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is a translation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This translation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO translation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the translation. Adaptations– In case of an adaptation of this work, the following disclaimer must be addedalong with the attribution:This is an adaptation of a copyrighted work of the International LabourOrganization (ILO). This adaptation has not been prepared, reviewed or endorsed by the ILO and shouldnot be considered an official ILO adaptation. The ILO disclaims all responsibility for its content and ac-curacy. Responsibility rests solely with the author(s) of the adaptation. Third-party materials– This Creative Commons licence does not apply to non-ILO copyright ma-terials included in this publication. If the material is attributed to a third party, the user of suchmaterial is solely responsible for clearing the rights with the rights holder and for any claims ofinfringement. Any dispute arising under this licence that cannot be settled amicably shall be referred to arbitra-tion in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on InternationalTrade Law (UNCITRAL). The parties shall be bound by any arbitration award rendered as a resultof such arbitration as the final adjudication of such a dispute. For details on rights and licensing, contact: rights@ilo.org. For details on ILO publications anddigital products, visit: www.ilo.org/publns. ISBN 9789220427477 (print), ISBN 9789220427484 (web PDF), ISBN 9789220427491 (epub), ISBN9789220427507 (html). ISSN 2708-3438 (print), ISSN 2708-3446 (digital) https://doi.org/10.54394/PLHO1306 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nationspractice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the ILO concerning the legal status of any country, area or territoryor of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. See: www.ilo.org/disclaimer. The opinions and views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not nec-essarily reflect the opinions, views or policies of the ILO. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their en-dorsement by the ILO, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or pro-cess is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/research-and-publications ILO Working Papers summarize the results of ILO research in progress, and seek to stimulatediscussion of a range of issues related to the world of work. Comments on this ILO Working Paperare welcome and can be sent to tessier@ilo.org, martina .bergthaller0@gmail.com. Authorization for publication: Shahrashoub Razavi, Director of SOCPRO ILO Working Papers can be found at: www.ilo.org/research-and-publications/working-papers Suggested citation: Bergthaller, M., Tessier, L. 2025.Universal Health Insurance Schemes: A comparative analysisof implementation features in 10 low- and middle-income countries, ILO Working Paper 156(Geneva, ILO). https://doi.org/10.54394/PLHO1306 Abstract Reaching universal health coverage is a central objective of social protection systems.Countries canchoose a variety of mechanisms to secure the right to social health protection for all. This reportfocuses on those countries that have chosen a universal health insurance model. More specifical-ly, while a range of publications have explored the design of such schemes, published literatureon implementation modalities used in low and middle-income countriesis scarc