中国页岩气工业基地钻井关键技术进展与展望

中国页岩气工业基地钻井关键技术进展与展望 罗平亚李道雄 油气藏地质及开发工程全国重点实验室（西南石油大学） 摘要：中国页岩气资源丰富且分布广泛，经过十余年持续技术攻关，已建成以四川盆地为核心的页岩气工业基地群，形成年产天然气数百亿立方米的产业规模。钻井工程作为连接地质资源与地面生产设施的核心环节，在页岩气工业化开发中发挥了关键支撑作用，相关技术体系不断突破和完善，有力地保障了页岩气开发从试验性探索向规模化开发的跨越。为持续深化深部复杂地质条件下现代页岩气长水平井钻完井技术系列，围绕地质工程一体化井眼轨迹控制、长水平段“一趟钻”及固井技术三大核心领域展开分析，系统梳理了中国页岩气钻井关键技术新进展，并提出了页岩气领域未来钻井关键技术发展方向。研究结果表明：①融合地质构造、储层物性与地应力特征的三维建模与微构造识别技术，显著提升了优质储层钻遇率与水平井轨迹控制精度；②在长水平段“一趟钻”方面，以井壁强化钻井液、防漏堵漏等为核心的井眼保障技术，配套高性能钻头、长水平井钻柱设计、大扭矩螺杆与旋转导向系统等，显著提高了机械钻速和水平段单趟钻进进尺；③在固井技术方面，以韧性防窜水泥浆体系、漂浮接箍与智能设计为核心的页岩长水平段固井技术，有效确保了封固质量和井筒完整性。结论认为，未来页岩气钻井应以提高储层钻遇率与井眼轨迹控制精度、缩短钻井周期、提高完井质量为核心目标，持续深化地质工程一体化，在保障井眼安全的基础上推进深层页岩气长水平段“一趟钻”钻井技术，为实现页岩气整体高效开发、降低天然气对外依存度和保障国家能源安全提供技术支撑与保障。 关键词：页岩气；长水平段；钻井技术；地质工程一体化；钻井液；钻井提速；“一趟钻” 中图分类号：TE242文献标识码：ADOI: 10.3787/j.issn.1000-0976.2025.12.002 Key drilling technologies in China's shale gas industrial base: Progress and prospect LUO Pingya, LI Daoxiong (State Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation//Southwest Petroleum University,Chengdu,Sichuan610500,China)Natural Gas Industry, vol.45, No.12, p.13-25, 12/25/2025. (ISSN 1000-0976; In Chinese) Abstract:China is rich in widely distributed shale gas resources. After more than ten years of continuous technological research anddevelopment, a shale gas industrial base cluster centered on the Sichuan Basin has been established, and an annual natural gas productionof tens of billions of cubic meters has been achieved. Drilling engineering, as the core link between geological resources and surfaceproduction facilities, plays a key supporting role in the industrial development of shale gas. The constant breakthrough and improvementof related technologies ensures the leap from experimental exploration to large-scale development of shale gas. In order to improvethe modern drilling and completion technology series for long horizontal wells in deep shale gas reservoirs with complex geologicalconditions, this paper systematically reviews the latest progress of key drilling technologies for shale gas wells in China focusing onthree core aspects, i.e., geology-engineering integrated wellbore trajectory control, one-trip drilling of long horizontal section, andcementing technology, and then points out the future development direction of key technologies in shale gas drilling. The followingresults are obtained. First, the three-dimensional modeling and micro-structure identification technology integrating geological structure,reservoir physical properties and in-situ stress characteristics significantly improves the drilling rate of high-quality reservoirs and thetrajectory control accuracy of horizontal wells. Second, in terms of the one-trip drilling of long horizontal section, the wellbore-guaranteetechnologies centered on wellbore enhancing drilling fluid and leakage prevention and plugging, as well as the supporting deviceslike high-performance drill bits, long horizontal well drill string design, high-torque screws and rotary steerable systems, significantlyincrease the rate of penetration (ROP) and the single-trip drilling footage of horizontal section. Third, the long horizontal sectioncementing technology with tough anti-channeling cement slurry system, floating couplings and intelligent design as the core effectivelyensures cementing quality and wellbore integrity. In conclusion, the future shale gas drilling technologies should focus on improvingreservoir drilling rate and wellbore trajectory control accuracy, shortening drilling cycle, and enhancing completion quality. It is necessaryto strengthen geology-engineering integration continuously, and promote the one-trip drilling of long horizontal section in deep shale gaswhile ensuring wellbore safety, thereby providing technical support and guarantee for the overall efficient development of deep shale gas,the reduction of external natural gas dependence, and the national energy security.Keywords:Shale gas; Long horizontal section; Drilling technology; Geology-engineering integration; Drilling fluid; ROP improvement; One-trip drilling 近年来，随着中国页岩气开发重心由中深层逐步向深层及复杂构造区转移，钻井面临的工程环境日益严苛，表现为井深不断增加、水平段持续加长、井下复杂性显著提升，导致钻井周期大幅延长、综合成本持续上升[20-21]。这一发展趋势对中国页岩气钻井技术提出了更高、更系统化的技术要求，传统的国内外经验和现有技术体系已难以完全满足深层页岩气高效、安全、经济开发的实际需求。为应对上述挑战，国家层面联合中国石油、中国石化及相关高校与科研机构，组织实施了多类型、多阶段的技术攻关项目，推动产、学、研、用的深度融合，持续强化技术创新能力。各参与单位坚持“自立自强、自主创新”的技术路线，逐一解决各种难题，正在形成适应中国深部复杂地质条件的现代页岩气长水平井钻完井技术系列，为页岩气规模化和商业化开发奠定坚实基础。 0引言 中国是全球页岩气资源最丰富的国家之一。据原国土资源部评估，全国页岩气技术可采资源量超过21.8×1012m3，资源规模位居世界前列[1-2]。21世纪以来，在国家能源战略的持续推动下，我国已在四川盆地建成若干具备产业化开发基础的页岩气工业基地[3-5]；与此同时，鄂尔多斯、塔里木、准噶尔等盆地的页岩气勘探不断取得突破性进展，为我国页岩气资源“多类型、多区域”协同开发格局的构建奠定了坚实基础[6-8]。 在页岩气勘探开发全链条中，钻井工程不仅是连接地下地质资源与地面生产设施的关键纽带，更是形成复杂裂缝网络、实现页岩储层体积压裂改造、构建页岩气有效开发技术体系的核心支撑技术[9-10]。我国页岩气钻井技术发展初期，在水平井轨迹控制、旋转导向、油基钻井液等关键技术领域，主要借鉴美国成熟经验 ；随后结合中国页岩储层地质特征（尤其是储层埋深远大于国外同类区块的特点），通过技术攻关形成了适配中国页岩地质条件与工程需求的钻完井系列配套技术，实现了核心技术的本土化转化，有效支撑了中国3 500 m以浅页岩气区块的有效开发[11-14]。 1页岩长水平井地质工程一体化井眼轨迹设计与控制技术 1.1页岩长水平井井眼轨道优化设计 地质工程一体化通过建立地质与工程深度耦合的协同体系，实现从“找好井、定好井到钻好井”的全过程协作，为页岩气储层高效动用提供了系统性保障[22]。地质工程一体化钻