概况介绍：农业光伏概述和性能

Overview and Performance ofAgrivoltaics J A N U A R Y 2 0 2 6 Authors:PVPS Trommsdorff, M., Campana P., Macknick, J., Fernández-Solas, Á., Gorjian, S.,Tsanakas, I. Editors: Max Trommsdorff, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, GermanyPietro Elia Campana, Mälardalen University, SwedenUlrike Jahn, Fraunhofer Center for Silicon Photovoltaics CSP, Germany What is Agrivoltaics? Agrivoltaics refers to thesimultaneous use ofthe same land areafor agricultural production and PV electricity generation.It aims tooptimise land-use efficiency, enhance agricultural resilience, andenable sustainable PV deployment where land competition is a barrier. To qualify as agrivoltaics, a project must include agriculture and PV electricity generation, with agricultural relevanceensured through criteria such as land-use efficiency, agricultural intensity, solar sharing, and synergies betweenagricultural and PV activities. The Development of Agrivoltaics The development of agrivoltaics spans more than fourdecades, evolving from a conceptual idea to a rapidlyexpanding field of research and commercial deployment. Classification of Agrivoltaics This classification helps structure the diverse agrivoltaic system typesand supports consistent comparison of theirtechnical and agricultural characteristics. Modelling and Simulation Agrivoltaics requires thesimultaneous evaluation of crop yield and PV power production, as shadingand microclimate changes affect both.Integrated modellingis essential to design systems that areagronomically viable, technically efficient, and compliant with regulatory requirements. Agrivoltaics modify irradiance, temperature, soil moisture, wind, and albedo, creating conditionsthat influence both crop growth and PV performance – especially for bifacial modules. Conventional PV orcrop models alone cannot capture these interactions. Reliable modelling depends on high-quality, multi-year meteorological data and specialised toolsfor irradiance, microclimate, and crop simulation.New integrated platforms are emerging thatcombine these components to support system optimisation and robust performance assessment. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Monitoring microclimatic parameters and the agricultural and PV performance is key to better understandinteractions and synergies between the agricultural and PV land use. Overview of actions and their importance in the general O&M framework for agrivoltaics Both PV System Training and Education Legal Definitions Agrivoltaics requires clear legal definitions to distinguish it from conventional ground-mounted PV and toensure that agriculture remains an active, primary land use. Regulations often set criteria such asminimum crop yields, shading limits, or farmer involvement. Coherent frameworks are essential to provideplanning certainty and support responsible system deployment. In a recent study, Solar Power Europefinds that only 5 out of 18 EU Member States have a legal definition for agrivoltaics, showing theregulatory fragmentation across Europe (Solar Power Europe 2025). Examples of Policy Frameworks (Campana et al, 2025.) France’s 2023–2025 legislation defines agrivoltaicsstrictly, requiring ≥90% agricultural yield, ≤10%uncultivable area, and demonstrable agricultural benefits.Strong local oversight and new national standards make Franceone of Europe’s most demanding regulatory environments. Japan enabled an early, widespread adoption ofagrivoltaics – over 4,000 farms by 2021 – through feed-in tariffs tied to crop-yield reporting. Deployment slowed due toinconsistent local permitting, limited incentives, and stricterstructural standards. Germany anchors agrivoltaics regulation in DIN SPEC91434, which requires agriculture to remain the primaryland use and sets a minimum criterion of 66% agricultural yield.Updates to the EEG and the Building Act provide incentives andprivileged permitting, creating a clear and stable nationalframework. The US has no unified national framework; agrivoltaicsdepends on fragmented state and local permitting. States such as Massachusetts, Illinois, and New York offerincentives or bid preferences, but broader uptake requiresalignment across federal funding, state energy policy, and localzoning. Italy supports agrivoltaics through national guidelinesand incentives, including fast-track permitting indesignated zones and strong support for “advanced” systems.Growth is hampered by regional restrictions, pending nationalmapping of suitable areas, and complex eligibility rules forincentives. Because agricultural land cannot be converted withoutrezoning, agrivoltaics progressed slowly until newunified criteria were developed to enable dual land use. Currentregulation requires ≥70% agricultural yield and strictenforcement, allowing over 180 pilot projects across diversecrops. Social Aspects Agrivoltaics can increase local acceptance when agricultural activity remains visibleand farmersretain a clear, leading role i