东盟一次性塑料：制定协调的政策方法

Developing a Coordinated Policy ApproachPublic Disclosure Authorized © [2025] International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings,interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the viewsof The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of thedata included in this work and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions,or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to usethe information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. The boundaries, colors,denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply anyjudgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or theendorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be construed or considered to be a limitation upon orwaiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specificallyreserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encouragesdissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, fornoncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2025.Single-Use Plastics inASEAN: Developing a Coordinated Policy Approach.© The World Bank” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed toWorld Bank Publications, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA;fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Acknowledgements This report presents an analysis of single use plastic products in the ASEAN region. Funding for this study wasprovided by PROBLUE, an umbrella multi donor trust fund housed at the World Bank that supports the sustainableand integrated development of marine and coastal resources in healthy oceans. The study was led by Rieko Kubota (Senior Environmental Engineer) at the World Bank. The core team includedDaniel Mira-Salama (Lead Environmental Specialist), Kate Almora Philp (Environmental Engineer), and Tao Wang(Senior Environmental Specialist),working under the guidance of Julia M. Fraser (Regional Practice Director),Marc Sadler (Practice Manager) and Mona Sur (Practice Manager). The report builds on analytical inputs managed by the World Bank, provided by a consortium of cyclos andLasaju Consulting. The consortium team consisted of Stephan Löhle, Jana Brinkmann, Nidhi Thakkar, NicolaDrotos, Lennart Schrader (cyclos) and Tobias Mangelmann, Nickson Tan, Akhilan V Manivannan, and Wan NurulHidayah (Lasaju Consulting). The team acknowledges the valuable inputs from stakeholders who participated in consultation meetings forthis report. The contributions and feedback from peer reviewers Özgül Calicioglu (Environmental Engineer),Ashraf El-Arini (Senior Environmental Specialist), Delphine Arri (Senior Environmental Engineer) and KanakoHasegawa (Environmental Specialist) are also appreciated. Abbreviations 3RASEANAMSCEPACIEPREUHDPEHHINCLDPELGULMICsMFAMLMPRNGOPEPETPPPVArPETSUPUMICURReduce, reuse, and recycleAssociation of Southeast Asian NationsASEAN Member StatesCommunity engagement and public awarenessCircularity issuesExtended producer responsibilityEuropean UnionHigh density polyethyleneHarmful to healthIntergovernmental Negotiating CommitteeLow density polyethyleneLocal government unitsLow and middle-income countriesMaterial flow analysisMost litteredMandatory packaging reportingNongovernmental organizationPolyethylenePolyethylene terephthalatePolypropylene, or polypropenePolyvinyl chlorideRecycled polyethylene terephthalateSingle-use plasticUpper middle-income countriesUnnecessary or redundant Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSABBREVIATIONSCONTENTSFIGURESTABLESBOXESEXECUTIVE SUMMARY3456667 4 —MONITORING AND ENFORCEMENT4.1. Monitoring4.1.1. Singapore’s MPR Scheme4.1.2. Unified Reporting Framework for AMS Countries4.2. Enforcement3333343537 5 —WAY FORWARD38 REFERENCES39 ANNEX 1: POLICY SELECTION TOOL42 ANNEX 2: RESTRICTIVE AND PERMISSIVE POLICIESAND OTHER APPROACHES TO ADDRESS SUPS46 1 —INTRODUCTION11 111212ANNEX 3: LIST OF LEVEL 1 (CRICTICAL), LEVEL 2(IMPORTANT), AND LEVEL 3 (SUPPLEMENTARY)INDICATORS52 1.1. Background1.2. The Study1.3. Circularity and Waste Management Frameworks1.3.1. Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) Principles1.3.2. Problematic, Unnecessary, and Avoidable (PUA)SUPs1.3.3. The Waste Hierarchy1.4. Restrictive and Permissive Policies1.5. Report Structure1213131414 2 —FINDINGS 15 2.1. Policy and Legislation2.1.1. National and Regional Action Plans2.1.2. Policy Gaps2.2. Plastic Production Data2.3. M