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德国经验回顾：可再生能源对辅助服务和系统稳定性的贡献

公用事业2022-11-01-DNVE***

AI智能总结

德国能源转型过程中，分布式和逆变器连接的发电厂比例不断上升，为确保电力系统安全稳定运行，必须通过可再生能源、储能和灵活负荷来保证辅助服务的提供。许多可再生能源发电厂已经具备或可以配备相应的能力来提供多种辅助服务。这些发展，加上数字化和创新的利用，正在从根本上改变电力系统。电网运营商负责高效、安全、可靠地运行电网；尽管在电网运行中面临越来越多的挑战，但“保供电”仍然是德国电网运营商的首要任务。随着电力系统未来将更加一体化，电力、天然气、供暖和氢能网络之间的接口将增加，协调任务将变得更加复杂。电网运营商应能够防止电压、频率和电流的阈值违规，以及电力故障的发生。如果发生违规或故障，则需要立即在停电或故障后恢复电网。所有这些都可以通过所谓的辅助服务来实现。辅助服务的提供在德国已经讨论多年。根据电压等级，输电和配电电网运营商都必须提供各种辅助服务，以确保其电网的安全可靠运行。这些贡献传统上由大型热电厂提供。这些电厂将逐渐退出系统或运行频率降低。即使他们可能仍然能够提供个别辅助服务——黑启动能力也可以在静止状态下提供——但这项责任将主要转移到可再生能源 (RE) 发电厂。由于大多数这些工厂连接到配电电网，因此未来将有越来越多的辅助服务由配电电网中的工厂提供。当考虑到电动汽车和其他分布式资产（电池储能、热泵）的增加时，这种情况将更加明显，这将转化为配电网络运营商在系统责任方面的更大份额。在辅助服务的未来设计中，有很多可以灵活操作的空间，必须明智地利用这些空间。这也适用于那些不属于经典辅助服务范围的领域。最典型的例子是惯性问题。鉴于负荷流的大幅波动、德国电力传输距离的不断增加以及传统发电厂运行时间的减少，关于辅助服务进一步发展的讨论仍然处于议程的高位。大量分散式发电厂的运行必须与系统的要求进行协调和协调。此外，跨电网合作也变得越来越重要，因为辅助服务的潜在提供者越来越多地连接到配电电网。因此，有必要从今天开始为 RE 发电厂奠定所有技术能力的基础，以便系统可以继续以安全稳定的方式运行。本报告可作为德国和中国参与者之间双边交流的基础。中国拥有世界上最大的可再生能源装机容量，总有一天需要积极利用辅助服务，以实现可再生能源的顺利整合。另一方面，德国在辅助服务发展方面并未走到尽头；因此，它可以在后期阶段 greatly 从相应的中国经验中获益。

Review of experiences made in Germany Legalinformation Publisher Deutsche Energie-Agentur GmbH (dena)German Energy AgencyChausseestraße 128 a10115 Berlin, GermanyTel: +49 (0)30 66 777-0Fax: + 49 (0) 66 777-699Email: info@dena.deWeb:www.dena.de Authors dena:Katerina SimouFriederike BergerAnastasiia Komshakova DNV:Dr. Matthias Müller-MienackKonstantinos Karamanlis ContributorsLea-Valeska Giebel, dena Last updated11/2022 All rights reserved. Alluse of this publication is subject to the approval of dena. Please quote as Deutsche Energie-Agentur (dena, 2022)“Contributions of renewables to ancillary services and system stability–Review of experiences madein Germany“ The report “Contributions of renewables to ancillary services and system stability–Review of experiences made in Germany” is publishedby the German Energy Agency (dena) as part of the Sino-German Energy Transition Project. The project supports the exchange betweenChinese government think tanks and German research institutions to strengthen the Sino-German scientific exchange on the energytransition and share German energy transition experiences with a Chinese audience. The project aims to promote a low-carbon-orientedenergy policy and help to build a more effective, low-carbon energy system in China through internationalcooperation and mutuallybeneficial policy research and modelling. The project is supported by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action(BMWK) as part of the Sino-German Energy Partnership, the central platform for energy policydialogue between Germany and China on anational level.Onthe Chinese side, the National Energy Administration (NEA) supports the overall steering. The Deutsche Gesellschaft fürInternationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH leads the project implementation incooperation with the German Energy Agency (dena) andAgora Energiewende. Contents List of abbreviations.......................................................................................................................................................................4 Editorial.............................................................................................................................................................................................6 Executive summary.........................................................................................................................................................................7 Ancillary services and system stability: fundamentals and definitions......................................................................8 1.1What are ancillary services?..........................................................................................................................................................81.2The importance ofstability...........................................................................................................................................................91.3Harmonisation of requirements for grid connection..............................................................................................................10 A look back–ancillary services in Germany..................................................................................................................12 2.1Historical background..................................................................................................................................................................122.2Actor landscape and regulatory environment..........................................................................................................................13 Procurement options and criteria–regulatory decisions...........................................................................................16 3.1Regulatory background...............................................................................................................................................................163.2Different stages of ancillary services procurement.................................................................................................................163.3Specification in the technical grid connection guidelines.......................................................................................................183.4Market-based procurement........................................................................................................................................................183.5Costs for ancillary services..........................................................................................................................................................193.6Future procurement–stakeholder opinions............................................................................................................................193.7Open issues–stakeholder opinions.........................................................................................

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