了解老年人的收入保障：在积极老龄化世界中重新思考社会保护与就业

What are the main contributors to income security at older ages?Income securityis a common concern for older adults globally as their capacity to earn work incomediminishes. The most important income sources for older people are: (i) continued work;(ii) family support; (iii) income from assets accumulated during their lifetimes; and (iv)benefits received from government programs, financed either from general revenues orsocial contributions. However, the relative contribution and overall adequacy of thesedifferent sources varies greatly across levels of development, over time, between formaland informal sector workers within countries, between genders, and by other factors. Why should policy makers care?In emerging economies where societal aging is rapid,there are serious concerns that current and future older populations are poorly preparedto achieve income security throughout old age. These concerns are reinforced by smallerfamily sizes, changing living arrangements, and shifting social norms which risk undermininginformal sources of support. In addition, financial literacy and inclusion often remaininadequate, resulting in low lifetime savings and poor planning for people’s older years. Inthis context, the role of the state in promoting financial security for older people will needto grow. Despite this growing need, public pension and safety net systems for older peopletypically have low coverage and/or insufficient adequacy to provide decent protection forthe majority of older people. There has also been modest progress in recent decades inexpanding contributory pension coverage in most developing countries. At the same time,formal sector pension schemes often contribute to fiscal pressures and are disincentives forwork at older ages among the most productive mature workers. As demographic transitiondeepens, the risks of rising old age poverty and higher inequality among older peopleand in society overall are therefore growing. How countries support the income needs ofa growing share of older people will also have intergenerational consequences and willrequire a reimagining of work, learning, and retirement. What does this note cover?The note first discusses the main pillars of financial securityat older ages before focusing on the status of contributory and noncontributory (orsocial) pension systems in developing countries. It highlights worrying under-coverage ofcontributory pension systems in the face of persistent labor market informality, as well asthe rise of social pensions and innovative informal sector matching schemes in response,and the trade-offs between coverage, adequacy and sustainability of pension systems. Itthen reviews World Bank support on the old age financial protection agenda, includingdifferent forms of budget support and investment lending, policy advisory and analyticalwork, capacity building and technical assistance (TA), and convening. It concludes bynoting the need to broaden the policy dialogue to wider dimensions of old age financialwell-being, as well as innovating with public sector and market instruments which candiversify sources of financial security at older ages. Contents Understanding Income Security for Older Adults1 Income Sources for Older Adults across Regions Contributory Coverage Expansion Challenges, Promise of Voluntary Schemes, and Growth ofNon-Contributory Pension Benefits.8 What the WB is Doing on Income Security for Older Adults11 Learning from World Bank Engagements on Income Security in Old Age and Looking Ahead 14 References17 understanding incomesecurity for older adults1 Growing old is a predictable human reality that most of us will undergo and is a triumph ofdevelopment attributable to remarkable improvements in medicine, health, and incomes.This note focuses on understanding income security for older adults, while other notes in thisseries look at areas such as long-term care and work at older ages. Specifically, this noteaddresses the following questions: (a) what are the income sources for older adults acrossregions? (b) what is the role of contributory and non-contributory pensions in income securityand challenges they face under current contexts? (c) how does the World Bank inform andsupport income security for older adults through its analytical and lending programs? and (d)what are the future areas of work based on lessons from the past? Income Sources for Older Adults across Regions Income security is a concern for older adults as their capacity to earn income through workstarts to diminish.Four of the most important income sources for older people are: (i) familysupport; (ii) continued work; (iii) income from assets accumulated during their lifetimes; and(iv) benefits received through their employer or through government programs, financedeither through general government revenue or through social contributions. The income needsof older adults also vary depending on the environment in which they live. Income securitydepends