欧洲社会经济：为竞争力和繁荣做出贡献

Social Economy inEurope Contributing toCompetitiveness andProsperity Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Social Economy in Europe CONTRIBUTING TO COMPETITIVENESSAND PROSPERITY This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD and the President of the EuropeanCommission. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views ofthe OECD Member countries or of the European Union. The names of countries and territories and maps used in this joint publication follow the practice of the OECD. This document was produced with the financial assistance of the European Union. The views expressed herein can inno way be taken to reflect the official opinion of the European Union. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Note by the Republic of Türkiye The information in this document with reference to “Cyprus” relates to the southern part of the Island. There is no singleauthority representing both Turkish and Greek Cypriot people on the Island. Türkiye recognises the Turkish Republic ofNorthern Cyprus (TRNC). Until a lasting and equitable solution is found within the context of the United Nations, Türkiyeshall preserve its position concerning the “Cyprus issue”. Note by all the European Union Member States of the OECD and the European UnionThe Republic of Cyprus is recognised by all members of the United Nations with the exception of Türkiye. Theinformation in this document relates to the area under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus. Please cite this publication as: OECD/European Union (2025),Social Economy in Europe: Contributing to Competitiveness and Prosperity, Local Economic andEmployment Development (LEED), OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/3432de93-en. ISBN 978-92-64-56568-5 (print)ISBN 978-92-64-36385-4 (PDF)ISBN 978-92-64-76204-6 (HTML) Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED)ISSN 1990-1100 (print)ISSN 1990-1097 (online) European UnionISBN 978-92-68-33100-2 (print)ISBN 978-92-68-33099-9 (PDF)Catalogue number: KE-01-25-242-EN-C (print)Catalogue number: KE-01-25-242-EN-N (PDF) Photo credits:Cover © Photo_Concepts/Getty Images Plus. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html. © OECD/European Union 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International licence. By using this work, you accept to be bound by the terms of this licence(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid.Adaptations– you must cite the original work and add the following text:This is an adaptation of an original work by the OECD and the European Union. The opinions expressed andarguments employed in this adaptation should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD, its Member countries or of the European Union.Third-party material– the licence does not apply to third-party material in the work. If using such material, you are responsible for obtaining permission from the third party and forany claims of infringement.You must not use the OECD’s or European Union’s respective logo, visual identity or cover image without express permission or suggest the OECD or European Union endorse youruse of the work.Any dispute arising under this licence shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Arbitration Rules 2012. The seat of arbitration shallbe Paris (France). The number of arbitrators shall be one. Preface The social economyis an importantdriver of economic growth, social cohesion and communityresilience across Europe, the OECDand beyond. Within the European Union, it comprises over 4.3million entities, playing an important role in job creation, employing approximately 11.5 million people or6.3% of the workforce. Social economyentitiesarealso at the forefront ofdeveloping innovative solutions to pressingchallengessuch as demographic change, digital transitions and environmental sustainability. Theyare active in sectors throughout the economy, from agriculture, banking and housing to health, care andeducation, as well as renewable energy and the circular economy.They contribute toourdemocraciesandsocieties through participatory governance andempoweringpeople. Using a citizen-led and locally basedapproach,social economy entities helpstrengthen territorial cohesion across cities, rural areas and borde