生成性人工智能与中小企业劳动力：新的调查证据

Generative AI and the SMEWorkforce NEW SURVEY EVIDENCE This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed andarguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty overany territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. Please cite this publication as: OECD (2025),Generative AI and the SME Workforce: New Survey Evidence, OECD Publishing, Paris,https://doi.org/10.1787/2d08b99d-en. Photo credits:Cover © Chay_Tee/Shutterstock.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found at: https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/support/corrigenda.html.© OECD 2025 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).Attribution– you must cite the work.Translations– you must cite the original work, identify changes to the original and add the following text:In the event of any discrepancy between the original work and thetranslation, only the text of the original work should be considered valid. Foreword Artificial Intelligence (AI) is expected to profoundly change all aspects of society, including work. Thebiggest recentadvances have been in tools that generate text, images, video or audio, also known as“generative AI”. Tools such as ChatGPT, Copilot and Midjourney are being embraced by businesses andworkers across the OECD, in the search for improvements in worker productivity and in job quality, among This study collects new surveydata across sevencountries on how SMEs use generative AI to addressskill and labour needs and how SMEs are preparing employees to use generative AI. It contributes to theexisting evidence by delivering:comparable and representative data for each country based on acomprehensive definition of generative AI; a systematic analysis of the reported labour market impacts of This study was set in motion thanks to early support from theUKEconomic and Social Research Council,for which the OECD Secretariat is very grateful. The study also benefitted from support from: Austria’sFederalMinistry of Labour, Social Affairs, Health, Care and Consumer Protection; theDepartment forEmployment and Social Development Canada; the German FederalMinistry of Labourand Social Affairs This report was prepared by Marguerita Lane and Carla Ruggiu from the Directorate for Employment,Labour and Social Affairs, under the supervision of Stijn Broecke and Glenda Quintini. Special thanks toMarco Bianchini and the Digital4SME Initiative for sharing their valuable insights on digitalisation and AItake-up among SMEs throughout the course of this project. The report benefitted from helpful commentsprovided by colleagues from the Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs (Shizuka Kato,Jiyun Lee, Fabio Manca, Anna Milanez, Patricia Navarro-Palau, Mark Pearson, Anne Saint-Martin and 4 Table of contents 3 Foreword Executive summary 1 IntroductionGenerative AI: a transformative technology for SMEs?Survey methodology 2 How are SMEs using generative AI? Which SMEs are using generative AI?16What are SMEs using generative AI for?20 3 How is generative AI impacting SMEs’ skill and labour needs?29 Generative AI helps SMEs compensate for labour and skill shortagesGenerative AI reduces staff workloadGenerative AI reduces SMEs’ reliance on external contractorsYet generative AI has little effect on overall staff needSMEs associate generative AI with increased skill needsReferences 4 Are SMEs prepared for generative AI? The most common barrier to using generative AI is that it is not suited to the work the SME does41A small minority of SMEs report an unfavourable attitude towards generative AI43Some SMEs are taking measures to prepare workers to use generative AI in a trustworthymanner44References48 FIGURES Figure1.1. AI use increases with company size Figure1.2. Natural language generation use among SMEsFigure2.1. SMEs’ use of generative AI is highest in the information and communication sectorFigure2.2. One-person companies are half as likely to use generative AI as the largest SMEsFigure2.3. SMEs’ generative AI use is the highest in Germany and the lowest in JapanFigure2.4. Generative AI is mostly used for peripheral rather than core activitiesFigure2.5. Generative AI is used more for simple, one-off and trivial tasks than for complex, recurring andimportant tasksFigure2.6. Generative AI is used the most in marketing and salesFigure2.7. SMEs in all countries see enhanced performance as the main benefit of generative AIFigure2.8. Small SMEs are often more positive than larger SMEs on the benefits of generative AIFigure3.1. Large SMEs are most likely to report a labour shortage or skill gapFigure3.2. Some SMEs report that generative AI helps compensate for labour shortages and sk