国际清算银行-探索家庭采用和使用生成性人工智能：来自意大利的新证据

Exploring householdadoption and usage ofgenerative AI: newevidence from Italy by Leonardo Gambacorta, Tullio Jappelli and TommasoOliviero Monetary and Economic Department October 2025 JEL classification: D10, O33 Keywords: generative AI, households’ survey. BISWorking Papers are written by members of the Monetary and EconomicDepartment of the Bank for International Settlements, and from time to time by othereconomists, and are published by the Bank. The papers are on subjects of topicalinterest and are technical in character. The views expressed in this publication arethose of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the BIS or its membercentral banks. This publication is available on the BIS website (www.bis.org). Exploring Household Adoption and Usage of GenerativeAI: New Evidence from Italy Leonardo Gambacorta, Tullio Jappelli, Tommaso Oliviero Abstract We present findings from a specialized module on generative artificial intelligence (gen AI)included in the Italian Survey of Consumer Expectations (ISCE), conducted in 2024 with arepresentative sample of Italian individuals. This analysis offers novel insights into current andanticipated interactions with gen AI tools and the potential benefits from adoption. As of April2024, 75.6% of the Italian population aged 18–75 was aware of gen AI, 36.7% had used it intheprevious 12 months,and 20.1%reported monthly usage.Socio-economic factorssignificantly influence adoption rates, with higher usage observed among men, individuals withcollege degrees, and younger individuals, particularly students. Looking ahead, gen AI isexpected to be used more frequently for education and leisure activities in the coming months.Finally, using a Mincer earnings regression, we highlight that the income return associated withgen AI usage is around 2%. JEL classification: D10; O33. Keywords: Generative AI; households’ survey. This research has been funded by the European Union - Next Generation EU, part of the GRINS -GrowingResilient,Inclusive and Sustainable Project framework(GRINS PE00000018–CUPE63C22002140007). Leonardo Gambacorta is affiliated with the Bank for International Settlements(BIS) and CEPR. Tullio Jappelli and Tommaso Oliviero are affiliated with the University of NaplesFederico II and CSEF. We thank participants at the ESPE annual congress (2025, Naples), the GRINSSpoke 3 workshop, virtual. The views expressed in this project are those of the authors and do notnecessarily reflect those of the Bank for International Settlements and the European Union. 1. Introduction The widespread availability of modern generative artificial intelligence (gen AI, hereafter) ispredicted to have a profound socio-economic impact on our societies. Since late 2022, toolssuch as ChatGPT and Google Gemini have been freely accessible, influencing daily activitiessuch as shopping, personalized financial and medical advice, information acquisition, andeducation.1 Furthermore, the adoption of gen AI tools can change the landscape of jobconditions, on both the labor market's supply and demand sides. Compared with earliergroundbreaking technologies, such personal computers and the internet, the adoption of gen AIhas been faster (Bick et al., 2024). For these reasons, there is growing interest in investigatingthe extent to which individuals use of gen AI. Who uses gen AI, how much do they use it, andwhat do they use it for? What are the potential returns from AI use? This paper tackles theseissues. This paper contributes to the literature by presenting results from a comprehensivenationally representative Italian survey of gen AI adoption. Our data come from a nationwidesurvey, the Italian Survey of Consumer Expectations (ISCE). The survey is benchmarked tonational estimates of employment and earnings, ensuring representativeness (Guiso andJappelli, 2024). In prior research, similarly structured surveys of Italian households have beenemployed to study the reactions of Italian households to the Covid-19 pandemic (Immordino etal., 2022, 2024). To study the users of gen AI, the third wave of ISCE included an additional ad-hocmodule. This module asked detailed questions on respondents’ knowledge and use of gen AI,as well as prospective use in various socio-economic contexts. In what follows, we use thisinformation to investigate whether these aspects vary across households based on their age,gender, education, and income, among other factors. We also analyze how gen AI use impactsincome returns.2 The data show that in April 2024, 75.6% of the Italian population aged 18-75 was awareof gen AI tools, and about 37% had used them at least once during the preceding 12 months.The use of gen AI tools is more common outside of work, but less intensive. One in three respondents (32.7 percent) said that they used gen AI outside of work, but only 6.4 percent usedit outside of work every day. We find that men are about 8 percentage points more likely to beaware of gen AI than wo