亚开行-全球女性创业系统指数

Éva Komlósi, Hanga Bilicz, Mónika Tiszberger, Erkko Autio, Donghyun Park, and Shu Tian ADB Economics Working Paper Series The Global Index of Female Entrepreneurship Systems Éva Komlósi, Hanga Bilicz, Mónika Tiszberger,Erkko Autio, Donghyun Park, and Shu Tian Éva Komlósi (komlosi.eva@ktk.pte.hu) is a researchfellow, Hanga Bilicz (bilicz.hanga@ktk.pte.hu)is an assistant lecturer, and Mónika Tiszberger(tiszbergerm@ktk.pte.hu) is an associateprofessor at the University of Pécs. Erkko Autio(erkko.autio@imperial.ac.uk) is a professor at Imperial No. 814 | October 2025 TheADB Economics Working Paper Seriespresents research in progress to elicit commentsand encourage debate on development issuesin Asia and the Pacific. The views expressedare those of the authors and do not necessarily Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO) © 2025 Asian Development Bank6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City, 1550 Metro Manila, Philippines Some rights reserved. Published in 2025. ISSN 2313-6537 (print), 2313-6545 (PDF)Publication Stock No. WPS250427-2DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22617/WPS250427-2 The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views and policiesof the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or the governments they represent. By making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, ADB does notintend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. This publication is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 IGO license (CC BY 3.0 IGO)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. By using the content of this publication, you agree to be boundby the terms of this license. For attribution, translations, adaptations, and permissions, please read the provisions This CC license does not apply to non-ADB copyright materials in this publication. If the material is attributedto another source, please contact the copyright owner or publisher of that source for permission to reproduce it. Please contact pubsmarketing@adb.org if you have questions or comments with respect to content, or if you wishto obtain copyright permission for your intended use that does not fall within these terms, or for permission to use Notes:In this publication, “$” refers to United States dollars. ABSTRACT The Female Entrepreneurship Index (FEI) for 2024 aims to pinpoint the elements that facilitatethe success of promising high-potential female entrepreneurs—those who manage and possessventures characterized by innovation, market growth, and a focus on exports. Ambitious femaleentrepreneurs, through their commercial pursuits, not only enhance their personal financialstanding but also make significant contributions to their society’s economic and social structure.The FEI’s methodical framework allows for international comparisons and evaluations of gender- Keywords:female entrepreneurship, innovation-driven enterprises, export-oriented ventures,gender-specific business environment, comparative entrepreneurial analysis JEL codes:L26, J16, O57 I.BARRIERS AND CATALYSTS: UNDERSTANDING FEMALE ENTREPRENEURSHIP A. Womenentrepreneurs play a crucial role in economic growth by creating jobs,fosteringinnovation, and driving social progress (Minniti and Nardone 2007, Allen et al. 2008, Minniti 2010,Okah-Efogo and Timba 2015, Bullough et al. 2019, Hechevarría et al. 2019, Espinoza Trujanoand Welter 2022, Franzke et al. 2022). Binh, Pham, and Nguyen (2024) find that femaleentrepreneurshipboosts economic growth across 47 Asian economies,regardless ofdevelopment level. Sajjad et al. (2020) similarly highlight its positive impact in both developed andemerging economies. While businesses owned by women perform as well as those owned bymen in developed regions, they tend to underperform in developing areas (Crane 2022). However,gender identity does not significantly influence innovation-driven economic growth. Interestingly, Díaz-García, González-Moreno, and Sáez-Martínez (2013) find that gender diversity in Spanishresearch and development (R&D) teams enhances disruptive innovation. Azeem, Sheridan, andAdapa (2022), using World Bank Enterprise Survey data from 16 low- and middle-incomeeconomies, revealed that firms with female leadership exhibited higher innovation performancethan other gendered leadership combinations (e.g., female owners–male managers or maleowners–female managers). Brownell, Kickul, and Hechavarria (2024) find that early-stage femaleentrepreneurs drive innovation by seeking recognition and independence, challenging gendernorms. Machado et al. (2023) link female entrepreneurship to greater innovation, particularly in On a societal level, female entrepreneurship helps reduce poverty (Santos and Neumeyer 2021).Aparicio et al. (2022) find that entrepreneurship significantly improves women’s social mobility,enhancing family income and living standards. Lock and