移动货币互操作性对金融普惠的影响

The impact of mobilemoney interoperabilityon financial inclusionEvidence from five GSMA Mobile Money GSMA The GSMA is a global organisation unifying the mobileecosystem to discover, develop and deliver innovationfoundational to positive business environments andsocietal change. Our vision is to unlock the full power The GSMA’s Mobile Money programme works toaccelerate the development of the mobile money For more information, please contact us: www.gsma.com/mobilemoney Representing mobile operators and organisationsacross the mobile ecosystem and adjacent industries,the GSMA delivers for its members across threebroad pillars: Connectivity for Good, IndustryServices and Solutions, and Outreach. This activityincludes advancing policy, tackling today’s biggest X:@GSMAMobileMoney mobilemoney@gsma.com GSMA Intelligence GSMA Intelligence is the definitive source of globalmobile operator data, analysis and forecasts, andpublisher of authoritative industry reports andresearch. Our data covers every operator group,network and MVNO in every country worldwide – We invite you to find out more atwww.gsma.comFollow the GSMA on X:@GSMA GSMA Intelligence is relied on by leading operators,vendors, regulators, financial institutions and third-party industry players, to support strategic decision-making and long-term investment planning. The data Our team of analysts and experts produce regularthought-leading research reports across a range of info@gsmaintelligence.com Authors Facundo Rattel, Senior Economist,GSMA Intelligence Kalvin Bahia, Principal Economist, GSMA IntelligenceWinnie Wambugu, Mobile Money Regulatory Lead,GSMA Published January 2024 © 2024 – GSMA Contents Executive summary 1Mobile money and interoperability1.1Economics of interoperability1.2Interoperability in mobile money markets 2Methodology2.1Case study approach 3Analysis and findings3.1Adoption3.2Usage 4Conclusion References Executive summary In four of the countries assessed, mobile moneyadoption had already achieved large scale beforeinteroperability took effect. This is consistent withthe economic literature, which states that giventhe dynamic nature of digital financial services,incentives to become interoperable often occur aftermobile money has reached scale. Therefore, any Interoperability describes the process of differentproducts, services or systems working together in away that creates value for firms and/or consumers.There has been an increased focus on this in mobile Initially, mobile money interoperability was market-led and driven by the need identified by mobilemoney providers for customers in different mobilemoney wallet ecosystems to transact. However,in recent years, governments have been moreproactive in driving interoperability, in some casesimposing mandatory requirements as well as Considering the trends in each market overtime, our analysis shows that in three countries(Kenya, Tanzania and Rwanda), the existence ofinteroperability solutions that were designed and ledby mobile money providers was accompanied with This report assesses the regulatory impact of mobilemoney interoperability by considering the economicliterature on interoperability more generally andutilising a case study approach in five mobilemoney countries: Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Rwandaand Tanzania. In each market, we assess how mobilemoney adoption and usage evolved after different Meanwhile, the impact of interoperability on mobilemoney adoption and usage via a national switchis unclear. It is too early to assess whether nationalswitches in Rwanda (eKash) and Tanzania (TIPS)have had any impact since they are too recent, whilethe analyses for Ghana and Malawi are currently As demonstrated in the wider literature oninteroperability, firms often engage in voluntaryinteroperability to expand their customer base,create value from new and existing products and If there is a rationale to mandate interoperability,then the manner in which it is implemented shouldalso be carefully considered. It should be focusedon the specific context and objective, with due While governments are often keen to leverageinteroperability as a tool to address potentialcompetition concerns or to realise the benefits ofeconomic externalities, it is important to consider Much of the focus on interoperability, both in theliterature and in practical implementation, has beenon the technical aspects, with less attention onthe other elements that are equally as important, Dynamic competition, investment and innovationhave been important drivers of consumer welfarein mobile money, which has fuelled a significant Going forward, there remains further scopefor future research on this topic. This study hasconsidered the interoperability of person-to-person(P2P) payments, given that these have been most Policymakers should therefore consider theevolution and dynamics of the markets in whichthey are considering intervention. The timing ofinteroperability is particularly